Of cricket chirps and car horns: The effect of nature sounds on cognitive performance
Tóm tắt
Attention restoration theory (ART) posits that stimuli found in nature may restore directed attention functioning by reducing demands on the endogenous attention system. In the present experiment, we assessed whether nature-related cognitive benefits extended to auditory presentations of nature, a topic that has been understudied. To assess directed attention, we created a composite measure consisting of a backward digit span task and a dual n-back task. Participants completed these cognitive measures and an affective questionnaire before and after listening to and aesthetically judging either natural or urban soundscapes (between-participants). Relative to participants who were exposed to urban soundscapes, we observed significant improvements in cognitive performance for individuals exposed to nature. Urban soundscapes did not systematically affect performance either adversely or beneficially. Natural sounds did not differentially change positive or negative affect, despite these sounds being aesthetically preferred to urban sounds. These results provide initial evidence that brief experiences with natural sounds can improve directed attention functioning in a single experimental session.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abbott, L. C., Taff, D., Newman, P., Benfield, J. A., & Mowen, A. J. (2016). The influence of natural sounds on attention restoration. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 34(3), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2016-V34-I3-6893
Alvarsson, J. J., Wiens, S., & Nilsson, M. E. (2010). Stress recovery during exposure to nature sound and environmental noise. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(3), 1036–1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7031036
Benfield, J. A., Taff, B. D., Newman, P., & Smyth, J. (2014). Natural Sound Facilitates Mood Recovery. Ecopsychology, 6(3), 183–188. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2014.0028
Berman, M. G., Hout, M. C., Kardan, O., Hunter, M. R., Yourganov, G., Henderson, J. M., … Jonides, J. (2014). The perception of naturalness correlates with low-level visual Features of environmental scenes. PLoS ONE, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114572
Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S. (2008). The Cognitive Benefits of Interacting With Nature. Psychological Science, 19(12), 1207–1212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02225.x
Berman, M. G., Kross, E., Krpan, K. M., Askren, M. K., Burson, A., Deldin, P. J., … Jonides, J. (2012). Interacting with nature improves cognition and affect for individuals with depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 140(3), 300–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.012.Interacting
Berto, R. (2005). Exposure to restorative environments helps restore attentional capacity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25(3), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.07.001
Bourrier, S. C., Berman, M. G., & Enns, J. T. (2018). Cognitive Strategies and Natural Environments Interact in Influencing Executive Function. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1248. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2018.01248
Bratman, G. N., Daily, G. C., Levy, B. J., & Gross, J. J. (2015). The benefits of nature experience: Improved affect and cognition. Landscape and Urban Planning, 138, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.005
Bratman, G. N., Hamilton, J. P., & Daily, G. C. (2012). The impacts of nature experience on human cognitive function and mental health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1249(1), 118–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06400.x
Cimprich, B., & Ronis, D. L. (2003). An environmental intervention to restore attention in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Cancer Nursing, 26(4), 284-292; quiz 293-294. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002820-200308000-00005
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (Rev). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Dadvand, P., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Esnaola, M., Forns, J., Basagaña, X., Alvarez-Pedrerol, M., … Sunyer, J. (2015). Green spaces and cognitive development in primary schoolchildren. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(26), 7937–7942. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503402112
de Paiva Vianna, K. M., Cardoso, M. R. A., & Rodrigues, R. M. C. (2015). Noise pollution and annoyance: An urban soundscapes study. Noise & Health, 17(76), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.4103/1463-1741.155833
Dobie, R. A., & Van Hemel, S. (2004). Basics of sounds, the ear, and hearing. In R. A. Dobie & S. Van Hemel (Eds.), Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits (pp. 42–63). Washington D.C.: National Academic Press.
Emfield, A. G., & Neider, M. B. (2014). Evaluating visual and auditory contributions to the cognitive restoration effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 5 VN-re, 548. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00548
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
Hammer, M. S., Swinburn, T. K., & Neitzel, R. L. (2014). Environmental noise pollution in the United States: Developing an effective public health response. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(2), 115–119. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307272
Jahncke, H., Eriksson, K., & Naula, S. (2015). The effects of auditive and visual settings on perceived restoration likelihood. Noise and Health, 17(74), 1. https://doi.org/10.4103/1463-1741.149559
Jarosz, A. F., & Wiley, J. (2014). What Are the Odds? A Practical Guide to Computing and Reporting Bayes Factors. The Journal of Problem Solving, 7(1), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.7771/1932-6246.1167
Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2
Kaplan, S., Kaplan, R., & Wendt, J. S. (1972). Rated preference and complexity for natural and urban visual material. Perception & Psychophysics, 12(4), 354–356.
Kardan, O., Demiralp, E., Hout, M. C., Hunter, M. R., Karimi, H., Hanayik, T., … Berman, M. G. (2015). Is the preference of natural versus man-made scenes driven by bottom-up processing of the visual features of nature? Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00471
Lilienthal, L., Tamez, E., Shelton, J. T., Myerson, J., & Hale, S. (2013). Dual n-back training increases the capacity of the focus of attention. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(1), 135–141. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0335-6
Mace, B. L., Bell, P. A., & Loomis, R. J. (2004). Visibility and natural quiet in national parks and wilderness areas: Psychological considerations. Environment and Behavior, 36(1), 5–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916503254747
Macmillan, N. A., & Creelman, C. D. (2005). Detection theory: A user’s guide (2nd). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
McMahan, E. A., & Estes, D. (2015). The effect of contact with natural environments on positive and negative affect: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9760, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.994224
Olmsted, F. L. (1993). Yosemite and the Mariposa grove: a preliminary report, 1865. California: Yosemite Association.
Ottosson, J., & Grahn, P. (2005). A comparison of leisure time spent in a garden with leisure time spent indoors: On measures of restoration in residents in geriatric care. Landscape Research, 30(1), 23–55.
Ratcliffe, E., Gatersleben, B., & Sowden, P. T. (2013). Bird sounds and their contributions to perceived attention restoration and stress recovery. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 36, 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.08.004
Redick, T. S., & Lindsey, D. R. B. (2013). Complex span and n-back measures of working memory: a meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(6), 1102–1113. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-013-0453-9
Simons, D. J., Shoda, Y., & Lindsay, D. S. (2017). Constraints on Generality (COG): A Proposed Addition to All Empirical Papers. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 1123–1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617708630
Tennessen, C. M., & Cimprich, B. (1995). Views To Nature: Effects on Attention. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 77–85.
Ulrich, R. S. (1983). Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. Human Behavior & Environment: Advances in Theory & Research, 6, 85–125.
Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & Zelson, M. (1991). Stress Recovery During Exposure To Natural and Urban Environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11, 201–230.
Van Hedger, S. C., Nusbaum, H. C., Huang, A., Heald, S. L. M., Kotabe, H. P., & Berman, M. G. (2018). The aesthetic preference for nature sounds depends on sound object recognition. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/nsqvy
Wagenmakers, E. J., Love, J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J., … Morey, R. D. (2017). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part II: Example applications with JASP. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1323-7
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35(2), 151–175.