Occurrence of shallow cold flows in the winter atmospheric boundary layer of interior of Alaska

Acevedo O, Moraes O, Degrazia G, Medeiros L (2006) Intermittency and the exchange of scalars in the nocturnal surface layer. Boundary Layer Meteorol 119:41–55 Benson C (1965) Ice fog: low temperature air pollution, defined with Fairbanks, Alaska as type locality. University of Alaska Fairbanks (College), Geophysical Institute, Alaska, p 134 Benson C (1970) Ice fog. Weather 25:11–18 Beyrich F, Weill A (1993) Some aspects of determining the stable boundary-layer depth from sodar data. Boundary Layer Meteorol 63:97–116 Billelo M (1966) Survey of arctic and subarctic temperature inversions. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, Hanover N. H. pp 36. TR 161 Bourne S, Bhatt U, Zhang J, Thoman R (2010) Surface-based temperature inversions in Alaska from a climate perspective. Atmos Res 95:353–366 Bowling S, Ohtake T, Benson C (1968) Winter pressure systems and ice fog in Fairbanks, Alaska. J Appl Meteor 7:961–968 Brown E, Hall F (1978) Advances in atmospheric acoustics. Rev Geophys Space Phys 16:47–110 Cassano E, Cassano J, Nolan M (2011) Synoptic weather pattern controls on temperature in Alaska. J Geophys Res 116:D11108. doi:10.1029/2010JD015341 Clements C, Whiteman C, Horel J (2003) Cold-air-pool structure and evolution in a mountain basin: Peter Sinks, Utah. J Appl Meteorol 42:752–768 Conangla L, Cuxart J, Soler M (2008) Characterization of the nocturnal boundary layer at a site in northern Spain. Boundary Layer Meteorol 128:255–276 Cuxart J (2008) Nocturnal basin low-level jets: an integrated study. Acta Geophys Pol 56:100–113 Cuxart J, Yagüe C, Morales G et al (2000) Stable atmospheric boundary-layer experiment in Spain (SABLES 98): a report. Boundary Layer Meteorol 96:337–370 de Bruin H (2002) Introduction: renaissance of scintillometry. Boundary Layer Meteorol 105(1):1–4 de Bruin H, Kohsiek W, van den Hurk B (1993) A verification of some methods to determine the fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and water vapour using standard deviation and structure parameter of scalar meteorological quantities. Boundary Layer Meteorol 63:231–257 Doran J, Fast J, Horel J (2002) The VTMX 2000 Campaign. Bull Am Met Soc 83(4):537–551 Emeis S, Türk M (2004) Frequency distributions of the mixing height over an urban area from SODAR data. Meteorol Z 13(5):361–367 Fernando H, Hunt J, Carruthers D (1994) Turbulence, waves and mixing at stratified density interfaces: modeling and experiments. In: Castro I, Rockliff N (eds) Stably stratified flows. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 175–200 Fochesatto GJ, Drobinski P, Flamant C, Guedalia D, Sarrat C, Flamant PH, Pelon J (2001) Evidence of dynamical coupling between the residual layer and the developing convective boundary layer. Boundary Layer Meteorol 99(3):451–464 Foken T (2008) Micro-meteorology. Springer, Berlin Goring D, Nikora V (2002) Despiking acoustic Doppler velocimeter data. J Hydraul Eng 117:117–126 Google Inc. (2009) Google Earth (Version 5.1.3533.1731) [Software], 2009 Hartmann B, Wendler G (2005) Climatology of the winter surface temperature inversion in Fairbanks, Alaska. In: Proceedings of the 85th annual meeting of the american meteorological society, San Diego, CA, USA, pp 1–7 Holmgren B, Spears L, Wilson C, Benson C (1975) Acoustic soundings of the Fairbanks temperature inversions. In: Weller G, Bowling SA (eds) Climate of the Arctic. Proceedings of the AAAS-AMS conference, Fairbanks, pp 293–306 Kaimal J, Finnigan J (1994) Atmospheric boundary layer flows: their structure and measurement. University Press, Oxford, p 289 Kleissl J, Gomez J, Hong S, Hendrickx J, Rahn T, Defoor W (2008) Large aperture scintillometer intercomparison study. Boundary Layer Meteorol 128:133–150 Lee S-J, Kawai H (2011) Mixing depth estimation from operational JMA and KMA wind-profiler data and its preliminary applications: examples from four selected sites. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 89:15–28 Lee X, Massman W, Law B (2004) Handbook of micrometeorology: a guide for surface flux measurement and analysis. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht Mahrt L, Larsen S (1982) Small scale drainage front. Tellus 34:579–587 Mahrt L, Vickers D, Nakamura R, Sun J, Burns S, Lenschow D (2001) Shallow drainage flows. Boundary Layer Meteorol 101:243–260 Malingowski J (2010) An observational study of the surface-based radiation temperature inversion in Fairbanks, Alaska. Dissertation, University of Alaska Fairbanks Martinez D, Jimenez M, Cuxart J, Mahrt L (2010) Heterogeneous nocturnal cooling in a large basin under very stable conditions. Boundary Layer Meteorol. doi:10.1007/s10546-010-9522-z Mayfield J (2011) The Micrometeorological effects of drainage flow on the atmospheric boundary layer. Dissertation, University of Alaska Fairbanks Mayfield J, Fochesatto G (2013) The layered structure of the winter atmospheric boundary layer in the interior of Alaska. J Appl Meteor Climatol 52:953–973. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-12-01.1 Meijninger W, Hartogensis O, Kohsiek W, Hoedjes J, Zuurbier R, De Bruin H (2002) Determination of area-averaged sensible heat fluxes with a large aperture scintillometer over a heterogeneous surface—Flevoland field experiment. Boundary Layer Meteorol 105(1):37–62 Moene A, W Meijninger, O Hartogensis, B Heusinkveld, H de Bruin (2005) The effect of finite accuracy in the manufacturing of large aperture scintillometers. Internal Report 2005/1, Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp 99 Mölders N, Kramm G (2010) A case study on wintertime inversions in Interior Alaska with WRF. Atmos Res 95:314–332 Neff W (1975) Quantitative evaluation of acoustic echoes from the planetary boundary layer. Tech. Rep. ERL 322-WPL, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, pp 34 Neff W, Coulter R (1988) Acoustic remote sensing. In: Lenschow D (ed) Probing the atmospheric boundary layer. American Meteorological Society, Boston, pp 201–235 Neff W, King C (1989) The accumulation and pooling of drainage flows in a large basin. J Appl Meteorol 28:518–529 Pinto J, Parsons D, Brown W, Cohn S, Chamberlain N, Morley B (2006) Coevolution of down-valley flow and the nocturnal boundary layer in complex terrain. J Appl Meteorol 45:1429–1449 Simpson J (1987) Gravity Currents: In the Environment and the Laboratory. Ellis Horwood Limited Soler M, Infante C, Buenestado P, Mahrt L (2002) Observations of nocturnal drainage flow in a shallow gully. Boundary Layer Meteorol 105:253–273 Sorbjan Z (1989) Structure of the atmospheric boundary layer. Prentice Hall, New Jersey Tatarski V (1961) Wave propagation in a turbulent medium. McGarw Hill New, York pp 285 Vickers D, Mahrt L (1997) Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data. J Atmos Ocean Technol 14:512–526 Vosper S, Brown A (2008) Numerical simulations of sheltering in valleys: the formation of nighttime cold-air pools. Boundary Layer Meteorol 127:429–448 Wendler G, Jayaweera K (1972) Some measurements on the development of the surface inversion in Central Alaska during winter. Pure Appl Geophys 92:209–221 Wesely M (1976) The combined effect of temperature and humidity fluctuations on refractive index. J Appl Meteorol 15:43–49 Whiteman C, Zhong S (2008) Downslope flows on a low-angle slope and their interactions with valley inversions. J Appl Meteorol 47:2023–2038 Whiteman C, Hoch S, Poulos G (2009) Evening temperature rises on valley floors and slopes: their causes and their relationship to the thermally driven wind system. J Appl Meteorol 48:776–788 Whiteman C, Hoch S, Lehner M, Haiden Th (2010) Nocturnal cold-air intrusions into a closed basin: observational evidence and conceptual model. J Appl Meteorol 49(9):1894–1905 Wolyn P, McKee T (1989) Deep stable layers in the intermountain western United States. Mon Weather Rev 117:461–472 Wyngaard J, Izumi Y, Collins S (1971) Behavior of the refractive-index-structure parameter near the ground. J Opt Soc Am 61:1646–1650 Zängl G (2005a) Formation of extreme cold-air pools in elevated sinkholes: an idealized numerical process study. Mon Weather Rev 133:925–941 Zängl G (2005b) Dynamical aspects of wintertime cold-air pools in an alpine valley system. Mon Weather Rev 133:2721–2740 Zhong S, Whiteman C, Bian X, Shaw W, Hubble J (2001) Meteorological processes affecting the evolution of a wintertime cold air pool in the Columbia basin. Mon Weather Rev 129:2600–2613