Observation of anoxic water mass in a tropical reservoir: the Cirata Reservoir in Java, Indonesia
Tóm tắt
We conducted a transect survey of water quality and bottom sediments in a large tropical reservoir, the Cirata Reservoir, located on the Citarum River, West Java, Indonesia. In the main basin of this reservoir, the surface water contained high concentrations of chlorophyll a, up to 48 μg l−1, and most of the water body was occupied by thick anoxic water. The thickness of the surface oxygenated water was only 5–7 m, whereas that of the anoxic water mass was more than 70 m. The concentrations of phosphate and ammonia were quite high in the anoxic hypolimnion. The reasons for the formation of the huge anoxic water mass include the oligomictic status of circulation, a relatively weak mixing caused by topography, high hypolimnion temperature, and high loads of organic matter. The carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios and the carbon stable isotope ratios of sediments indicated that the major source of organic carbon in the sediments was algal production in the reservoir and fish culture activity. The mechanism of eutrophication in the reservoir is also discussed.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abery NW, Sukadi F, Budhiman AA, Kartamihardja ES, Koeshendrajana S, Buddhiman De Silva SS (2005) Fisheries and cage culture of three reservoirs in West Java, Indonesia: a case study of ambitious development and resulting interactions. Fish Manag Ecol 12:315–330
Bade DL, Pace ML, Cole JJ, Carpenter SR (2006) Can algal photosynthetic inorganic carbon isotope fractionation be predicted in lakes using existing models? Aquat Sci 68:142–153
Costa-Pierce BA (1998) Constraints to the sustainability of cage aquaculture for resettlement from hydropower dams in Asia: an Indonesian case study. J Environ Dev 7:333–363
Effendie I, Nirmala K, Hasan Saputra U, Sudrajat AO, Zairin M, Kurokura H (2005) Water quality fluctuations under floating net cages for fish culture in Lake Cirata and its impact on fish survival. Fish Sci 71:972–977
Garno YS (2002) Beban Pencemaran Limbah Perikanan Budidaya dan Yutrofikasi di Perarian waduk pada DAS Citarum (in Indonesian). J Tek Ling P3TL-BPPT 3:112–120
Hart BT, van Dok W, Djuangsih N (2002) Nutrient budget for Saguling Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia. Water Res 36:2152–2160
Horne AJ, Goldman CR (1994) Limnology, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
Hutchinson GE, Löffler H (1956) The thermal classification of lakes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 42:84–86
Lehmusluoto P, Machbub B (1995) National inventory of the major lakes and reservoirs in Indonesia. Research Institute for Water Resources Development, Bandung, Indonesia
Meyers PA (1997) Organic geochemical proxies of paleoceanographic, paleolimnologic, and paleoclimatic processes. Org Geochem 27:213–250
Meyers PA, Leenheer MJ, Bourbonniere RA (1995) Diagenesis of vascular plant organic matter components during burial in lake sediments. Aquat Geochem 1:35–52
Neumann T, Stögbauer A, Walpersdorf E, Stüben D, Kunzendorf H (2002) Stable isotopes in recent sediments of Lake Arendsee, NE Germany: response to eutrophication and remediation measures. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 178:75–90
Suzuki R, Ishimaru T (1990) An improved method for the determination of phytoplankton chlorophyll using N, N-dimethylformamide. J Oceanogr Soc Japan 46:190–194
van der Heide J (1978) Stratification in the filling phase of the man-made lake Brokopondo in Surinam (S. America). Aquat Ecol 12:85–98
Whittaker RH (1975) Communities and ecosystems. Macmillan, New York