Observation of High-Energy Astrophysical Neutrinos in Three Years of IceCube Data

Physical Review Letters - Tập 113 Số 10
M. G. Aartsen1, M. Ackermann2, J. Adams3, J. A. Aguilar4, M. Ahlers5, Ioana Codrina Maris6, A. Haj Ismail7, W. G. Anderson8, C. Argüelles5, J. Auffenberg8, X. Bai9, S. W. Barwick10, V. Baum11, J. J. Beatty12,13, J. Becker Tjus14, K. H. Becker15, D. Berley5, P. Berghaus2, E. Bernardini2, A. Bernhard16, D. Besson17, G. Binder18,19, D. Bindig15, M. Bissok20, E. Blaufuss21, J. Blumenthal20, D. J. Boersma22, C. Böhm6, D. Bose23, S. Böser24, O. Botner22, L. Brayeur25, H.-P. Bretz2, A. M. Brown3, J. Casey26, M. Casier25, D. Chirkin5, A. Christov4, B. Christy21, K. Clark27, Lew Classen7, F. Clevermann28, S. Coenders16, D. F. Cowen29,8, A. H. Cruz Silva2, M. Danninger6, J. Daughhetee26, J. C. Davis13, M. Day5, C. De Clercq25, S. De Ridder30, P. Desiati5, K. D. de Vries25, M. de With31, T. DeYoung8, J. C. Díaz–Vélez5, M. Dunkman8, R. Eagan8, B. Eberhardt11, B. Eichmann14, J. Eisch5, S. Euler22, O. Engdegård32, O. Fadiran5, P. A. Evenson33, Anatoli Fedynitch14, J. Feintzeig5, J. Felde21, P. Fernåndez30, E. Finch18, C. Finley6, T. Fischer-Wasels15, S. Flis6, A. Franckowiak24, C. Fruck28, T. Fuchs28, T. K. Gaisser32, J. S. Gallagher34, L. Gerhardt18,19, D. Gier20, L. Gladstone5, T. Glüsenkamp2, A. Goldschmidt19, G. Golup25, J. A. Goodman21, D. Grant2, P. Gretskov20, A. Groß8, C. Ha18,19, C. Haack20, A. Hallgren22, F. Halzen5, K. Hanson35, D. Hebecker24, D. Heereman35, D. Heinen20, K. Helbing15, D. Hellwig20, S. Hickford3, G. C. Hill1, K. D. Hoffman21, R. Hoffmann15, A. Homeier24, K. Hoshina5, F. Huang8, W. Huelsnitz21, P. O. Hulth6, K. Hultqvist6, Safeer Hussain32, A. Ishihara36, E. Jacobi2, J. Jacobsen5, K. Jagielski20, G. S. Japaridze37, W. Kang5, O. Jlelati30, M. Jurković16, B. Kaminsky2, A. Kappes7, T. Karg2, M. Kauer5, J. L. Kelley5, Ali Kheirandish5, J. Kiryluk38, J. Kläs15, S. R. Klein18,19, J.-H. Köhne28, G. Kohnen39, H. Kolanoski31, A. Koob20, L. Köpke11, C. Kopper5, D. J. Koskinen15, M. Kowalski24, A. Kriesten20, K. Krings20, G. Kroll11, J. Kunnen25, N. Kurahashi5, T. Kuwabara32, M. Labare30, A. Lardeux5, M. J. Larson40, M. Lesiak-Bzdak38, M. Leuermann20, J. Leute16, J. Lünemann11, Oscar Macías3, J. Madsen41, G. Maggi25, R. Maruyama5, K. Mase36, H. S. Matis19, F. McNally5, K. Meagher21, A. Meli30, T. Meures35, S. Miarecki18,19, E. Middell2, E. Middlemas5, N. Milke28, J. Miller25, L. Mohrmann2, T. Montaruli4, R. Morse5, R. Nahnhauer2, Uwe Naumann15, H. Niederhausen38, S. C. Nowicki42, D. R. Nygren19, A. Olivas15, A. Omairat15, A. O’Murchadha35, T. Palczewski43, Ö. Penek20, C. Pérez de los Heros22, C. Pfendner13, D. Pieloth28, E. Pinat35, J. Posselt15, P. B. Price18, G. T. Przybylski19, J. Pütz20, M. Quinnan8, L. Rädel20, M. Rameez4, K. Rawlins44, P. Redl21, I. Rees5, R. Reimann20, W. Rhode16, Benedikt Riedel5, S. Robertson1, F. Rothmaier5, M. Rongen20, C. Rott23, D. Ryckbosch30, S. M. Saba14, H.‐G. Sander11, S. Sarkar5, K. Schatto11, F. Scheriau28, T. Schmidt21, M. Schmitz28, S. Schoenen20, S. Schöneberg14, A. Schönwald2, A. Schukraft20, O. Schulz16, D. Seckel32, Y. Sestayo16, S. Seunarine41, C. Sheremata42, M. W. E. Smith8, Dennis Soldin15, G. M. Spiczak41, C. Spiering2, M. Stamatikos13, T. Stanev32, N. A. Stanisha8, A. Stasik24, T. Stezelberger19, R. G. Stokstad19, I. Taboada2, E. A. Strahler25, S. Strandberg22, H. Taavola22, A. Tepe15, S. Ter–Antonyan33, A. Terliuk2, S. Tilav32, P. A. Toale43, P. A. Toale5, S. Toscano5, E. Unger14, S. Vallecorsa4, J. Vandenbroucke5, J. V. Santen5, M. Vehring20, M. Vöge24, M. Vraeghe30, C. Walck6, M. Wallraff20, Ch. Weaver5, M. Wellons5, C. Wendt5, S. Westerhoff5, B. J. Whelan1, N. Whitehorn5,18, C. Wichary20, K. Wiebe11, C. H. Wiebusch20, H. Wissing43, H. Wissing21, M. Wolf6, T. R. Wood42, K. Woschnagg18, Yu Xu43, X. W. Xu33, J. P. Yanez2, G. Yodh10, S. Yoshida36, J. Ziemann28, S. Zierke20, M. Zoll6
1School of Chemistry & Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
2DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
3Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
4Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
5Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
6Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
7Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
8Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
9Department of Physics, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
10Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
11Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
12Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
13Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
14Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
15Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
16T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
17Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
18Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
19Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California 94720 USA
20III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
21Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
22Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
23Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
24Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
25Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
26School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
27Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
28Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
29Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
30Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
31Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
32Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
33Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
34Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
35Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
36Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
37CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
38Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
39Université de Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
40Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
41Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
42Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
43Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487 USA
44Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA

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