Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea

K. Diepvens1, Klaas R. Westerterp1, Margriet S. Westerterp‐Plantenga1
1Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Tóm tắt

The global prevalence of obesity has increased considerably in the last decade. Tools for obesity management, including caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea have been proposed as strategies for weight loss and weight maintenance, since they may increase energy expenditure and have been proposed to counteract the decrease in metabolic rate that is present during weight loss. A combination of caffeine and ephedrine has shown to be effective in long-term weight management, likely due to different mechanisms that may operate synergistically, e.g., respectively inhibiting the phosphodiesterase-induced degradation of cAMP and enhancing the sympathetic release of catecholamines. However, adverse effects of ephedrine prevent the feasibility of this approach. Capsaicin has been shown to be effective, yet when it is used clinically it requires a strong compliance to a certain dosage, that has not been shown to be feasible yet. Also positive effects on body-weight management have been shown using green tea mixtures. Green tea, by containing both tea catechins and caffeine, may act through inhibition of catechol O-methyl-transferase, and inhibition of phosphodiesterase. Here, the mechanisms may also operate synergistically. In addition, tea catechins have antiangiogenic properties that may prevent development of overweight and obesity. Furthermore, the sympathetic nervous system is involved in the regulation of lipolysis, and the sympathetic innervation of white adipose tissue may play an important role in the regulation of total body fat in general.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1093/ajcn/33.5.989

10.1161/01.HYP.18.6.783

Astrup A. The sympathetic nervous system as a target for intervention in obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 19 Suppl 7: S24–S28, 1995.

10.1385/ENDO:13:2:207

Astrup A, Breum L, Toubro S, Hein P, and Quaade F. The effect and safety of an ephedrine/caffeine compound compared to ephedrine, caffeine and placebo in obese subjects on an energy-restricted diet. A double blind trial. Int J Obes 16: 269–277, 1992.

10.1093/ajcn/42.1.83

Astrup A and Toubro S. Thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular responses to ephedrine and caffeine in man. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 17 Suppl 1: S41-S43, 1993.

10.1093/ajcn/51.5.759

10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.5.R1399

10.1016/0026-0495(85)90125-8

10.1079/BJN20051502

10.1038/sj.ijo.0802620

10.1038/sj.ijo.0802023

10.1038/sj.ijo.0801539

10.1021/jm00235a030

10.1161/01.RES.83.10.1059

10.1152/ajpendo.1995.269.4.E671

10.1161/01.RES.0000132745.76882.70

Bray GA. Autonomic and endocrine factors in the regulation of energy balance. Fed Proc 45: 1404–1410, 1986.

Bray GA. Reciprocal relation of food intake and sympathetic activity: experimental observations and clinical implications. Int J Obes 24 Suppl 2: S8–S17, 2000.

Bukowiecki L, Jahjah L, and Follea N. Ephedrine, a potential slimming drug, directly stimulates thermogenesis in brown adipocytes via beta-adrenoreceptors. Int J Obes 6: 343–350, 1982.

10.1078/0944-7113-00078

Chen MD, Lin WH, Song YM, Lin PY, and Ho LT. Effect of caffeine on the levels of brain serotonin and catecholamine in the genetically obese mice. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 53: 257–261, 1994.

10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.08.005

10.1038/380677a0

10.7326/0003-4819-98-5-641

10.1079/BJN20051580

10.2337/diabetes.49.11.1875

10.1046/j.1365-201X.2003.01077.x

10.1126/science.1074923

Dulloo AG. Ephedrine, xanthines and prostaglandin-inhibitors: actions and interactions in the stimulation of thermogenesis. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 17 Suppl 1: S35-S40, 1993.

10.1093/ajcn/70.6.1040

10.1093/ajcn/49.1.44

Dulloo AG and Jacquet J. An adipose-specific control of thermogenesis in body weight regulation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25 Suppl 5: S22–S29, 2001.

10.1093/jn/117.2.383

10.1093/ajcn/43.3.388

Dulloo AG and Miller DS. The thermogenic properties of ephedrine/methylxanthine mixtures: human studies. Int J Obes 10: 467–481, 1986.

Dulloo AG, Seydoux J, and Girardier L. Peripheral mechanisms of thermogenesis induced by ephedrine and caffeine in brown adipose tissue. Int J Obes 15: 317–326, 1991.

10.1016/0026-0495(92)90015-3

10.1038/sj.ijo.0801101

10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.07.028

10.1113/expphysiol.2005.031385

10.1152/ajpendo.00489.2003

10.1161/01.HYP.0000066289.17754.49

10.1038/2164

10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0672

10.1016/S0022-2143(99)90051-3

10.1161/01.HYP.31.1.64

10.1161/01.HYP.25.4.560

10.1056/NEJM200012213432502

10.1016/j.clpt.2005.01.023

10.1248/jhs.51.248

10.5650/jos.50.599

10.1161/01.HYP.33.1.542

10.1172/JCI119532

Henry CJ and Emery B. Effect of spiced food on metabolic rate. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 40: 165–168, 1986.

10.1093/ajcn/34.10.2291

10.1093/jn/130.2.152

Horton TJ and Geissler CA. Post-prandial thermogenesis with ephedrine, caffeine and aspirin in lean, pre-disposed obese and obese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 20: 91–97, 1996.

10.1172/JCI115756

10.1042/cs0600527

10.1210/endo.141.3.7368

10.1093/jn/116.7.1272

10.3181/00379727-188-2-RC1

10.3181/00379727-183-42414

10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00424-7

10.1079/BJN20041061

10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.6.E877

10.1016/j.canlet.2004.04.031

10.1016/0165-0270(90)90056-L

Landsberg L and Young JB. Diet and the sympathetic nervous system: relationship to hypertension. Int J Obes 5 Suppl 1: 79–91, 1981.

Landsberg L and Young JB. Sympathoadrenal activity and obesity: physiological rationale for the use of adrenergic thermogenic drugs. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 17 Suppl 1: S29–S34, 1993.

10.1079/BJN2003905

Macdonald IA. Advances in our understanding of the role of the sympathetic nervous system in obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 19 Suppl 7: S2–S7, 1995.

10.2337/diab.45.7.909

10.1093/ajcn/47.6.932

10.1038/sj.ijo.0801433

10.1093/ajcn/81.1.122

10.5650/jos.50.717

10.1161/01.CIR.98.8.772

10.1271/bbb.65.2735

10.1271/bbb.65.2033

10.1248/bpb.26.1235

10.1097/00001756-200008030-00017

10.1038/sj.ijo.0800528

Pasquali R, Baraldi G, Cesari MP, Melchionda N, Zamboni M, Stefanini C, and Raitano A. A controlled trial using ephedrine in the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes 9: 93–98, 1985.

10.1042/cs0820085

Pasquali R, Cesari MP, Melchionda N, Stefanini C, Raitano A, and Labo G. Does ephedrine promote weight loss in low-energy-adapted obese women? Int J Obes 11: 163–168, 1987.

10.1152/ajpheart.00499.2004

10.1016/0091-3057(94)90196-1

Rados C. Ephedra ban: no shortage of reasons. FDA Consum 38: 6–7, 2004.

10.1093/ajcn/68.1.42

Ravussin E. Low resting metabolic rate as a risk factor for weight gain: role of the sympathetic nervous system. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 19 Suppl 7: S8–S9, 1995.

10.1007/s00204-005-0672-6

10.1007/s001090100198

10.1056/NEJM197801262980403

10.1172/JCI110124

Roomi MW, Roomi N, Ivanov V, Kalinovsky T, Niedzwiecki A, and Rath M. Inhibitory effect of a mixture containing ascorbic acid, lysine, proline and green tea extract on critical parameters in angiogenesis. Oncol Rep 14: 807–815, 2005.

10.1097/00004872-199917080-00012

10.1152/ajpendo.1991.261.6.E789

Saper RB, Eisenberg DM, and Phillips RS. Common dietary supplements for weight loss. Am Fam Physician 70: 1731–1738, 2004.

Sartippour MR, Heber D, Henning S, Elashoff D, Elashoff R, Rubio R, Zhang L, Norris A, and Brooks MN. cDNA microarray analysis of endothelial cells in response to green tea reveals a suppressive phenotype. Int J Oncol 25: 193–202, 2004.

Sartippour MR, Heber D, Zhang L, Beatty P, Elashoff D, Elashoff R, Go VL, and Brooks MN. Inhibition of fibroblast growth factors by green tea. Int J Oncol 21: 487–491, 2002.

10.1161/01.CIR.89.6.2634

10.1042/cs0960483

Shekelle PG, Hardy ML, Morton SC, Maglione M, Mojica WA, Suttorp MJ, Rhodes SL, Jungvig L, and Gagne J. Efficacy and safety of ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance: a meta-analysis. JAMA 289: 1537–1545, 2003.

10.1038/sj.ijo.0802987

10.1152/ajpendo.1992.263.5.E850

10.1046/j.1467-789x.2000.00001.x

10.1172/JCI116760

10.1002/ijc.11325

10.1016/0026-0495(94)90205-4

Toubro S, Astrup AV, Breum L, and Quaade F. The acute and chronic effects of ephedrine/caffeine mixtures on energy expenditure and glucose metabolism in humans. Int J Obes 17 Suppl 3: S73–S77, 1993.

Toubro S, Astrup AV, Breum L, and Quaade F. safety and efficacy of long-term treatment with ephedrine, caffeine and an ephedrine/caffeine mixture. Int J Obes 17 Suppl 1: S69–S72, 1993.

10.1079/PNS19980060

10.1038/sj.ijo.0800791

10.1016/S0271-5317(88)80077-0

10.1007/s00403-003-0402-y

10.3177/jnsv.49.437

Tsuchida T, Itakura H, and Nakamura H. Leptin: fundamental aspects. Prog Med 22: 2189–2203, 2002.

10.1016/0742-8413(86)90045-9

10.1152/jappl.1996.80.3.999

10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00152-5

10.1161/01.CIR.96.10.3423

10.1210/en.2005-0532

10.1152/ajpendo.1988.255.1.E23

10.1016/0006-291X(87)90479-7

10.1038/oby.2005.142

10.1038/sj.ijo.0802862

10.3181/00379727-99-24355

World HE. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 894: i-xii, 1–253, 2000.

10.1016/j.canlet.2004.03.008

Yoshida T, Sakane N, Umekawa T, and Kondo M. Relationship between basal metabolic rate, thermogenic response to caffeine, and body weight loss following combined low calorie and exercise treatment in obese women. Int J Obes 18: 345–350, 1994.

10.3177/jnsv.34.587

10.1079/BJN2000224

10.3177/jnsv.41.647

Yoshioka M, St-Pierre S, Drapeau V, Dionne I, Doucet E, Suzuki M, and Tremblay A. Effects of red pepper on appetite and energy intake. Br J Nutr 82: 115–123, 1999.

10.1017/S0007114598001597

Young JB and Macdonald IA. Sympathoadrenal activity in human obesity: heterogeneity of findings since 1980. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 16: 959–967, 1992.

Zheng G, Sayama K, Okubo T, Juneja LR, and Oguni I. Anti-obesity effects of three major components of green tea, catechins, caffeine and theanine, in mice. In Vivo 18: 55–62, 2004.