Obesity and the risk and prognosis of gallstone disease and pancreatitis

Grundy, 2004, Cholesterol gallstones: a fellow traveler with metabolic syndrome?, Am J Clin Nutr, 80, 1, 10.1093/ajcn/80.1.1 Portincasa, 2006, Cholesterol gallstone disease, Lancet, 368, 230, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69044-2 Stinton, 2010, Epidemiology of gallstones, Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 39, 157, 10.1016/j.gtc.2010.02.003 Krawczyk, 2010, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 24, 695, 10.1016/j.bpg.2010.08.005 Everhart, 1999, Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States, Gastroenterology, 117, 632, 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70456-7 Sandler, 2002, The burden of selected digestive diseases in the United States, Gastroenterology, 122, 1500, 10.1053/gast.2002.32978 Liver Disease Subcommittee of the Digestive Disease Interagency Coordinating C, 2004, 145 Portincasa, 2014, Gallstones Sampliner, 1970, Gallbladder disease in Pima Indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography, N Engl J Med, 283, 1358, 10.1056/NEJM197012172832502 Stender, 2013, Elevated body mass index as a causal risk factor for symptomatic gallstone disease: a Mendelian randomization study, Hepatology, 58, 2133, 10.1002/hep.26563 Stampfer, 1992, Risk of symptomatic gallstones in women with severe obesity, Am J Clin Nutr, 55, 652, 10.1093/ajcn/55.3.652 Klein, 2002, AGA technical review on obesity, Gastroenterology, 123, 882, 10.1053/gast.2002.35514 Willett, 1999, Guidelines for healthy weight, N Engl J Med, 341, 427, 10.1056/NEJM199908053410607 1988, The epidemiology of gallstone disease in Rome, Italy. Part I. Prevalence data in men. The Rome Group for Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis (GREPCO), Hepatology, 8, 904, 10.1002/hep.1840080433 Scragg, 1984, Diet, alcohol, and relative weight in gall stone disease: a case–control study, Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 288, 1113, 10.1136/bmj.288.6424.1113 Amaral, 1985, Gallbladder disease in the morbidly obese, Am J Surg, 149, 551, 10.1016/S0002-9610(85)80055-6 Misra, 2003, Carcinoma of the gallbladder, Lancet Oncol, 4, 167, 10.1016/S1470-2045(03)01021-0 Diehl, 2000, Cholelithiasis and the insulin resistance syndrome, Hepatology, 31, 528, 10.1002/hep.510310238 Chen, 2012, Metabolic syndrome and gallstone disease, World J Gastroenterol, 18, 4215, 10.3748/wjg.v18.i31.4215 Broomfield, 1988, Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and aspirin on the formation of lithogenic bile and gallstones during loss of weight, N Engl J Med, 319, 1567, 10.1056/NEJM198812153192403 Shiffman, 1995, Prophylaxis against gallstone formation with ursodeoxycholic acid in patients participating in a very-low-calorie diet program, Ann Intern Med, 122, 899, 10.7326/0003-4819-122-12-199506150-00002 Tsai, 2005, Systematic review: an evaluation of major commercial weight loss programs in the United States, Ann Intern Med, 142, 56, 10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00012 Johansson, 2014, Risk of symptomatic gallstones and cholecystectomy after a very-low-calorie diet or low-calorie diet in a commercial weight loss program: 1-year matched cohort study, Int J Obes (Lond), 38, 279, 10.1038/ijo.2013.83 Dixon, 2012, Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes, Lancet, 379, 2300, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60401-2 Williams, 1993, A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid in the prevention of gallstones during weight loss after vertical banded gastroplasty, Obes Surg, 3, 257, 10.1381/096089293765559278 Worobetz, 1993, The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy on gallstone formation in the morbidly obese during rapid weight loss, Am J Gastroenterol, 88, 1705 Sugerman, 1995, A multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, prospective trial of prophylactic ursodiol for the prevention of gallstone formation following gastric-bypass-induced rapid weight loss, Am J Surg, 169, 91, 10.1016/S0002-9610(99)80115-9 Wudel, 2002, Prevention of gallstone formation in morbidly obese patients undergoing rapid weight loss: results of a randomized controlled pilot study, J Surg Res, 102, 50, 10.1006/jsre.2001.6322 Miller, 2003, Gallstone formation prophylaxis after gastric restrictive procedures for weight loss: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, Ann Surg, 238, 697, 10.1097/01.sla.0000094305.77843.cf Schauer, 2003, Effect of laparoscopic Roux-en Y gastric bypass on type 2 diabetes mellitus, Ann Surg, 238, 467, 10.1097/01.sla.0000089851.41115.1b Papasavas, 2006, Routine gallbladder screening not necessary in patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, Surg Obes Relat Dis, 2, 41, 10.1016/j.soard.2005.10.006 Patel, 2009, Perioperative management of cholelithiasis in patients presenting for laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: have we reached a consensus?, Am Surg, 75, 470, 10.1177/000313480907500604 Kim, 2009, Safety and efficacy of simultaneous cholecystectomy at Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, Surg Obes Relat Dis, 5, 48, 10.1016/j.soard.2008.06.001 Tucker, 2008, Is concomitant cholecystectomy necessary in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery?, Surg Endosc, 22, 2450, 10.1007/s00464-008-9769-3 Swartz, 2005, Elective cholecystectomy after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: why should asymptomatic gallstones be treated differently in morbidly obese patients?, Surg Obes Relat Dis, 1, 555, 10.1016/j.soard.2005.08.002 Shiffman, 1991, Gallstone formation after rapid weight loss: a prospective study in patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery for treatment of morbid obesity, Am J Gastroenterol, 86, 1000 Li, 2009, Predictors of gallstone formation after bariatric surgery: a multivariate analysis of risk factors comparing gastric bypass, gastric banding, and sleeve gastrectomy, Surg Endosc, 23, 1640, 10.1007/s00464-008-0204-6 D'Hondt, 2011, Prophylactic cholecystectomy, a mandatory step in morbidly obese patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass?, J Gastrointest Surg, 15, 1532, 10.1007/s11605-011-1617-4 Festi, 1998, Gallbladder motility and gallstone formation in obese patients following very low calorie diets. Use it (fat) to lose it (well), Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 22, 592, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800634 Gebhard, 1996, The role of gallbladder emptying in gallstone formation during diet-induced rapid weight loss, Hepatology, 24, 544, 10.1002/hep.510240313 Portenier, 2007, Expectant management of the asymptomatic gallbladder at Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, Surg Obes Relat Dis, 3, 476, 10.1016/j.soard.2007.02.006 Ellner, 2007, Routine cholecystectomy is not mandatory during morbid obesity surgery, Surg Obes Relat Dis, 3, 456, 10.1016/j.soard.2006.11.008 Patel, 2006, Gallbladder management during laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: routine preoperative screening for gallstones and postoperative prophylactic medical treatment are not necessary, Am Surg, 72, 857, 10.1177/000313480607201003 Plecka Ostlund, 2012, Population-based study of the need for cholecystectomy after obesity surgery, Br J Surg, 99, 864, 10.1002/bjs.8701 Warschkow, 2013, Concomitant cholecystectomy during laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in obese patients is not justified: a meta-analysis, Obes Surg, 23, 397, 10.1007/s11695-012-0852-4 Worni, 2012, Cholecystectomy concomitant with laparoscopic gastric bypass: a trend analysis of the nationwide inpatient sample from 2001 to 2008, Obes Surg, 22, 220, 10.1007/s11695-011-0575-y Escalona, 2008, Routine preoperative ultrasonography and selective cholecystectomy in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Why not?, Obes Surg, 18, 47, 10.1007/s11695-007-9262-4 Tarantino, 2011, Is routine cholecystectomy justified in severely obese patients undergoing a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure? A comparative cohort study, Obes Surg, 21, 1870, 10.1007/s11695-011-0495-x Chen, 2006, Prevalence and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in an adult population of Taiwan: metabolic significance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in nonobese adults, J Clin Gastroenterol, 40, 745, 10.1097/00004836-200609000-00016 Maclure, 1989, Weight, diet, and the risk of symptomatic gallstones in middle-aged women, N Engl J Med, 321, 563, 10.1056/NEJM198908313210902 Sahi, 1998, Body mass index, cigarette smoking, and other characteristics as predictors of self-reported, physician-diagnosed gallbladder disease in male college alumni, Am J Epidemiol, 147, 644, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009505 Tsai, 2004, Prospective study of abdominal adiposity and gallstone disease in US men, Am J Clin Nutr, 80, 38, 10.1093/ajcn/80.1.38 Mabee, 1976, The mechanism of increased gallstone formation in obese human subjects, Surgery, 79, 460 Wang, 2012, vol. 4, 1 Freeman, 1975, Analysis of gallbladder bile in morbid obesity, Am J Surg, 129, 163, 10.1016/0002-9610(75)90292-5 Portincasa, 1995, Effects of cholestyramine on gallbladder and gastric emptying in obese and lean subjects, Eur J Clin Invest, 25, 746, 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1995.tb01953.x Palasciano, 1989, Gallstone prevalence and gallbladder volume in children and adolescents: an epidemiological ultrasonographic survey and relationship to body mass index, Am J Gastroenterol, 84, 1378 Di Ciaula, 2012, Gallbladder and gastric motility in obese newborns, pre-adolescents and adults, J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 27, 1298, 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07149.x Portincasa, 2012, Intestinal absorption, hepatic synthesis, and biliary secretion of cholesterol: where are we for cholesterol gallstone formation?, Hepatology, 55, 1313, 10.1002/hep.25604 Tsai, 2006, Weight cycling and risk of gallstone disease in men, Arch Intern Med, 166, 2369, 10.1001/archinte.166.21.2369 Weinsier, 1993, Gallstone formation and weight loss, Obes Res, 1, 51, 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1993.tb00008.x Erlinger, 2000, Gallstones in obesity and weight loss, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 12, 1347, 10.1097/00042737-200012120-00015 Shiffman, 1992, Changes in gallbladder bile composition following gallstone formation and weight reduction, Gastroenterology, 103, 214, 10.1016/0016-5085(92)91115-K Yamaguchi, 1996, Gallbladder carcinoma in the era of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Arch Surg, 131, 981, 10.1001/archsurg.1996.01430210079015 1991, A prospective analysis of 1518 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. The Southern Surgeons Club, N Engl J Med, 324, 1073, 10.1056/NEJM199104183241601 Sugerman, 2003, Bariatric surgery for severely obese adolescents, J Gastrointest Surg, 7, 102, 10.1016/S1091-255X(02)00125-7 Cunningham, 2014, Incidence of Childhood obesity in the United States, N Engl J Med, 370, 403, 10.1056/NEJMoa1309753 Dietz, 2005, Clinical practice. Overweight children and adolescents, N Engl J Med, 352, 2100, 10.1056/NEJMcp043052 Wang, 2012, Interactions between bile acids and nuclear receptors and their effects on lipid metabolism and liver diseases, J Lipids, 2012, 560715 Di Ciaula, 2013, Current views on genetics and epigenetics of cholesterol gallstone disease, Cholesterol, 2013, 298421, 10.1155/2013/298421 Palasciano, 1992, Gallbladder volume and emptying in diabetics: the role of neuropathy and obesity, J Intern Med, 231, 123, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1992.tb00512.x Kaechele, 2006, Prevalence of gallbladder stone disease in obese children and adolescents: influence of the degree of obesity, sex, and pubertal development, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 42, 66, 10.1097/01.mpg.0000187816.31213.06 Koebnick, 2012, Pediatric obesity and gallstone disease, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 55, 328, 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31824d256f Mehta, 2012, Clinical characteristics and risk factors for symptomatic pediatric gallbladder disease, Pediatrics, 129, e82, 10.1542/peds.2011-0579 Inge, 2004, A multidisciplinary approach to the adolescent bariatric surgical patient, J Pediatr Surg, 39, 442, 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2003.11.025 Portincasa, 2012, Therapy of gallstone disease: what it was, what it is, what it will be, World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther, 3, 7, 10.4292/wjgpt.v3.i2.7 Portincasa, 2009, Medicinal treatments of cholesterol gallstones: old, current and new perspectives, Curr Med Chem, 16, 1531, 10.2174/092986709787909631 Di Ciaula, 2010, Targets for current pharmacologic therapy in cholesterol gallstone disease, Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 39, 245, 10.1016/j.gtc.2010.02.005 Kumar, 2004, Comparison of the effect of diclofenac with hyoscine-N-butylbromide in the symptomatic treatment of acute biliary colic, ANZ J Surg, 74, 573, 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2004.03058.x Colli, 2012, Meta-analysis: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in biliary colic, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 35, 1370, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05115.x Overby, 2010, Society of American G, Endoscopic S. SAGES guidelines for the clinical application of laparoscopic biliary tract surgery, Surg Endosc, 24, 2368, 10.1007/s00464-010-1268-7 National Guideline C, 2010 Keus, 2006, Small-incision versus open cholecystectomy for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis, Cochrane Database Syst Rev Keus, 2006, Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis, Cochrane Database Syst Rev Keus, 2006, Laparoscopic versus small-incision cholecystectomy for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis, Cochrane Database Syst Rev Curet, 2000, Special problems in laparoscopic surgery. Previous abdominal surgery, obesity, and pregnancy, Surg Clin North Am, 80, 1093, 10.1016/S0039-6109(05)70215-2 Simopoulos, 2007, The contribution of acute cholecystitis, obesity, and previous abdominal surgery on the outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Am Surg, 73, 371, 10.1177/000313480707300412 Portincasa, 2006, Gallstone disease: symptoms and diagnosis of gallbladder stones, Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 20, 1017, 10.1016/j.bpg.2006.05.005 Portincasa, 1996, Behavior of various cholesterol crystals in bile from gallstone patients, Hepatology, 23, 738, 10.1002/hep.510230414 Wang, 1996, J Lipid Res, 37, 606, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)37603-3 Uy, 2008, Ursodeoxycholic acid in the prevention of gallstone formation after bariatric surgery: a meta-analysis, Obes Surg, 18, 1532, 10.1007/s11695-008-9587-7 Stokes, 2014, Ursodeoxycholic acid and diets higher in fat prevent gallbladder stones during weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 12, 1090, 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.11.031 Bonkovsky, 2008, Case 20–2008, N Engl J Med, 358, 2813, 10.1056/NEJMcpc0803190 Forsmark, 2007, AGA Institute technical review on acute pancreatitis, Gastroenterology, 132, 2022, 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.065 Groves, 2006, Pandemic obesity in Europe, BMJ, 333, 1081, 10.1136/bmj.39038.449769.BE Sadr-Azodi, 2013, Abdominal and total adiposity and the risk of acute pancreatitis: a population-based prospective cohort study, Am J Gastroenterol, 108, 133, 10.1038/ajg.2012.381 Lowenfels, 2009, The changing character of acute pancreatitis: epidemiology, etiology, and prognosis, Curr Gastroenterol Rep, 11, 97, 10.1007/s11894-009-0016-4 Blomgren, 2002, Obesity and treatment of diabetes with glyburide may both be risk factors for acute pancreatitis, Diabetes Care, 25, 298, 10.2337/diacare.25.2.298 Mery, 2002, Android fat distribution as predictor of severity in acute pancreatitis, Pancreatology, 2, 543, 10.1159/000066099 Palmieri, 2006, Systemic oxidative alterations are associated with visceral adiposity and liver steatosis in patients with metabolic syndrome, J Nutr, 136, 3022 Sempere, 2008, Obesity and fat distribution imply a greater systemic inflammatory response and a worse prognosis in acute pancreatitis, Pancreatology, 8, 257, 10.1159/000134273 Papachristou, 2006, Obesity increases the severity of acute pancreatitis: performance of APACHE-O score and correlation with the inflammatory response, Pancreatology, 6, 279, 10.1159/000092689 Osborn, 2012, The cellular and signaling networks linking the immune system and metabolism in disease, Nat Med, 18, 363, 10.1038/nm.2627 Hotamisligil, 2008, Nutrient sensing and inflammation in metabolic diseases, Nat Rev Immunol, 8, 923, 10.1038/nri2449 Yang, 2010, Defective hepatic autophagy in obesity promotes ER stress and causes insulin resistance, Cell Metab, 11, 467, 10.1016/j.cmet.2010.04.005 Suazo-Barahona, 1998, Obesity: a risk factor for severe acute biliary and alcoholic pancreatitis, Am J Gastroenterol, 93, 1324, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.442_l.x Abu Hilal, 2008, The impact of obesity on the course and outcome of acute pancreatitis, Obes Surg, 18, 326, 10.1007/s11695-007-9298-5 Ghanim, 2004, Circulating mononuclear cells in the obese are in a proinflammatory state, Circulation, 110, 1564, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000142055.53122.FA Frossard, 2009, Experimental evidence of obesity as a risk factor for severe acute pancreatitis, World J Gastroenterol, 15, 5260, 10.3748/wjg.15.5260 Wu, 2011, Endocrine pancreatic function changes after acute pancreatitis, Pancreas, 40, 1006, 10.1097/MPA.0b013e31821fde3f Johnson, 2004, Combination of APACHE-II score and an obesity score (APACHE-O) for the prediction of severe acute pancreatitis, Pancreatology, 4, 1, 10.1159/000077021 Hong, 2011, Body mass index and the risk and prognosis of acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 23, 1136, 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32834b0e0e Martinez, 2006, Obesity is a definitive risk factor of severity and mortality in acute pancreatitis: an updated meta-analysis, Pancreatology, 6, 206, 10.1159/000092104 Duarte-Rojo, 2010, Methods for measuring abdominal obesity in the prediction of severe acute pancreatitis, and their correlation with abdominal fat areas assessed by computed tomography, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 32, 244, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04321.x Lankisch, 1996, Etiology and age have only a limited influence on the course of acute pancreatitis, Pancreas, 13, 344, 10.1097/00006676-199611000-00003 Wang, 2013, Prevention of cholesterol gallstones by inhibiting hepatic biosynthesis and intestinal absorption of cholesterol, Eur J Clin Invest, 43, 413, 10.1111/eci.12058