Obesity and the risk and outcome of infection
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Berghofer A, Pischon T, Reinhold T, Apovian CM, Sharma AM, Willich SN . Obesity prevalence from a European perspective: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2008; 8: 200.
WHO. WHO obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of the WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 2000; 894: 1–253.
Abdullah A, Wolfe R, Stoelwinder JU, de Courten M, Stevenson C, Walls HL et al. The number of years lived with obesity and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 985–996.
Falagas ME, Athanasoulia AP, Peppas G, Karageorgopoulos DE . Effect of body mass index on the outcome of infections: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2009; 10: 280–289.
Falagas ME, Karageorgopoulos DE . Adjustment of dosing of antimicrobial agents for bodyweight in adults. Lancet 2010; 375: 248–251.
Kornum JB, Norgaard M, Dethlefsen C, Due KM, Thomsen RW, Tjonneland A et al. Obesity and risk of subsequent hospitalisation with pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2010; 36: 1330–1336.
Almirall J, Bolibar I, Serra-Prat M, Roig J, Hospital I, Carandell E et al. New evidence of risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based study. Eur Respir J 2008; 31: 1274–1284.
Baik I, Curhan GC, Rimm EB, Bendich A, Willett WC, Fawzi WW . A prospective study of age and lifestyle factors in relation to community-acquired pneumonia in US men and women. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 3082–3088.
Schnoor M, Klante T, Beckmann M, Robra BP, Welte T, Raspe H et al. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in German adults: the impact of children in the household. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135: 1389–1397.
Choban PS, Heckler R, Burge JC . Flancbaum L Increased incidence of nosocomial infections in obese surgical patients. Am Surg 1995; 61: 1001–1005.
Vessey MP, Metcalfe MA, McPherson K, Yeates D . Urinary tract infection in relation to diaphragm use and obesity. Int J Epidemiol 1987; 16: 441–444.
Marti A, Marcos A, Martinez JA . Obesity and immune function relationships. Obes Rev 2001; 2: 131–140.
Nave H, Beutel G, Kielstein JT . Obesity-related immunodeficiency in patients with pandemic influenza H1N1. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11: 14–15.
Havel PJ, Kasim-Karakas S, Mueller W, Johnson PR, Gingerich RL, Stern JS . Relationship of plasma leptin to plasma insulin and adiposity in normal weight and overweight women: effects of dietary fat content and sustained weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 4406–4413.
Koch A, Sanson E, Voigt S, Helm A, Trautwein C, Tacke F . Serum adiponectin upon admission to the intensive care unit may predict mortality in critically ill patients. J Crit Care 2011; 26: 166–174.
Festa A, D′Agostino R, Williams K, Karter AJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, Tracy RP et al. The relation of body fat mass and distribution to markers of chronic inflammation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 1407–1415.
Brown CV, Neville AL, Rhee P, Salim A, Velmahos GC, Demetriades D . The impact of obesity on the outcomes of 1,153 critically injured blunt trauma patients. J Trauma 2005; 59: 1048–1051 discussion 1051.
Anzueto A, Frutos-Vivar F, Esteban A, Bensalami N, Marks D, Raymondos K et al. Influence of body mass index on outcome of the mechanically ventilated patients. Thorax 2011; 66: 66–73.
Hogue CW, Stearns JD, Colantuoni E, Robinson KA, Stierer T, Mitter N et al. The impact of obesity on outcomes after critical illness: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 1152–1170.
Yosipovitch G, DeVore A, Dawn A . Obesity and the skin: skin physiology and skin manifestations of obesity. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56: 901–916 quiz 917-20.
Louie JK, Acosta M, Samuel MC, Schechter R, Vugia DJ, Harriman K et al. A novel risk factor for a novel virus: obesity and 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1). Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52: 301–312.
Yu H, Feng Z, Uyeki TM, Liao Q, Zhou L, Feng L et al. Risk factors for severe illness with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in China. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52: 457–465.
Lucas S . Predictive clinicopathological features derived from systematic autopsy examination of patients who died with A/H1N1 influenza infection in the UK 2009-10 pandemic. Health Technol Assess 2010; 14: 83–114.
Fuhrman C, Bonmarin I, Bitar D, Cardoso T, Duport N, Herida M et al. Adult intensive-care patients with 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) infection. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 139: 1202–1209.
Santa-Olalla Peralta P, Cortes-Garcia M, Vicente-Herrero M, Castrillo-Villamandos C, Arias-Bohigas P, Pachon-del Amo I et al. Risk factors for disease severity among hospitalised patients with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in Spain, April - December 2009. Euro Surveill 2010; 15, pii: 19667.
Falagas ME, Koletsi PK, Baskouta E, Rafailidis PI, Dimopoulos G, Karageorgopoulos DE . Pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza: review of the Southern Hemisphere experience. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 139: 27–40.
Viasus D, Pano-Pardo JR, Pachon J, Campins A, Lopez-Medrano F, Villoslada A et al. Factors associated with severe disease in hospitalized adults with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 738–746.
Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Openshaw PJ, Hashim A, Gadd EM, Lim WS, Semple MG et al. Risk factors for hospitalisation and poor outcome with pandemic A/H1N1 influenza: United Kingdom first wave (May-September 2009). Thorax 2010; 65: 645–651.
Satterwhite L, Mehta A, Martin GS . Novel findings from the second wave of adult pH1N1 in the United States. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: 2059–2061.
Diaz E, Rodriguez A, Martin-Loeches I, Lorente L, del Mar Martin M, Pozo JC et al. Impact of obesity in patients infected with 2009 influenza A(H1N1). Chest 2010; 139: 382–386.
Riquelme R, Jimenez P, Videla AJ, Lopez H, Chalmers J, Singanayagam A et al. Predicting mortality in hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza pneumonia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2011; 15: 542–566.
Fezeu L, Julia C, Henegar A, Bitu J, Hu FB, Grobbee DE et al. Obesity is associated with higher risk of intensive care unit admission and death in influenza A (H1N1) patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2011; 12: 653–659.
Van Kerkhove MD, Vandemaele KA, Shinde V, Jaramillo-Gutierrez G, Koukounari A, Donnelly CA et al. Risk factors for severe outcomes following 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection: a global pooled analysis. PLoS Med 2011; 8: e1001053.
Kwong JC, Campitelli MA . Rosella LC Obesity and respiratory hospitalizations during influenza seasons in Ontario, Canada: a cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53: 413–421.
Hagau N, Slavcovici A, Gonganau DN, Oltean S, Dirzu DS, Brezoszki ES et al. Clinical aspects and cytokine response in severe H1N1 influenza A virus infection. Crit Care 2010; 14: R203.
Sheridan PA, Paich HA, Handy J, Karlsson EA, Hudgens MG, Sammon AB et al. Obesity is associated with impaired immune response to influenza vaccination in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011. e-pub ahead of print 25 October 2011; doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.208.
Smith AG, Sheridan PA, Tseng RJ, Sheridan JF, Beck MA . Selective impairment in dendritic cell function and altered antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in diet-induced obese mice infected with influenza virus. Immunology 2009; 126: 268–279.
Semins MJ, Shore AD, Makary MA, Weiner J, Matlaga BR . The impact of obesity on urinary tract infection risk. Urology 2012; 79: 266–269.
Ribera MC, Pascual R, Orozco D, Perez Barba C, Pedrera V, Gil V . Incidence and risk factors associated with urinary tract infection in diabetic patients with and without asymptomatic bacteriuria. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 25: 389–393.
Bochicchio GV, Joshi M, Bochicchio K, Nehman S, Tracy JK, Scalea TM . Impact of obesity in the critically ill trauma patient: a prospective study. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 203: 533–538.
Wurzinger B, Dunser MW, Wohlmuth C, Deutinger MC, Ulmer H, Torgersen C et al. The association between body-mass index and patient outcome in septic shock: a retrospective cohort study. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2010; 122: 31–36.
Basu JK, Jeketera CM, Basu D . Obesity and its outcomes among pregnant South African women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010; 110: 101–104.
Usha Kiran TS, Hemmadi S, Bethel J, Evans J . Outcome of pregnancy in a woman with an increased body mass index. Bjog 2005; 112: 768–772.
Bamgbade OA, Rutter TW, Nafiu OO, Dorje P . Postoperative complications in obese and nonobese patients. World J Surg 2007; 31: 556–560 discussion 561.
Suvan J, D′Aiuto F, Moles DR, Petrie A, Donos N . Association between overweight/obesity and periodontitis in adults. A systematic review. Obes Rev 2011; 12: e381–e404.
Chaffee BW, Weston SJ . Association between chronic periodontal disease and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontol 2010; 81: 1708–1724.
Tomofuji T, Ekuni D, Yamanaka R, Kusano H, Azuma T, Sanbe T et al. Chronic administration of lipopolysaccharide and proteases induces periodontal inflammation and hepatic steatosis in rats. J Periodontol 2007; 78: 1999–2006.
Saito T, Shimazaki Y, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Kubo M, Iida M et al. The severity of periodontal disease is associated with the development of glucose intolerance in non-diabetics: the Hisayama study. J Dent Res 2004; 83: 485–490.
Eber MR, Laxminarayan R, Perencevich EN, Malani A . Clinical and economic outcomes attributable to health care-associated sepsis and pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2010; 170: 347–353.
Kaye KS, Marchaim D, Chen TY, Chopra T, Anderson DJ, Choi Y et al. Predictors of nosocomial bloodstream infections in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59: 622–627.
Edmonds RD, Cuschieri J, Minei JP, Rosengart MR, Maier RV, Harbrecht BG et al. Body adipose content is independently associated with a higher risk of organ failure and nosocomial infection in the nonobese patient postinjury. J Trauma 2011; 70: 292–298.
Serrano PE, Khuder SA, Fath JJ . Obesity as a risk factor for nosocomial infections in trauma patients. J Am Coll Surg 2010; 211: 61–67.
Dossett LA, Dageforde LA, Swenson BR, Metzger R, Bonatti H, Sawyer RG et al. Obesity and site-specific nosocomial infection risk in the intensive care unit. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2009; 10: 137–142.
Sakr Y, Madl C, Filipescu D, Moreno R, Groeneveld J, Artigas A et al. Obesity is associated with increased morbidity but not mortality in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 1999–2009.
Bercault N, Boulain T, Kuteifan K, Wolf M, Runge I, Fleury JC . Obesity-related excess mortality rate in an adult intensive care unit: a risk-adjusted matched cohort study. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 998–1003.
Frat JP, Gissot V, Ragot S, Desachy A, Runge I, Lebert C et al. Impact of obesity in mechanically ventilated patients: a prospective study. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 1991–1998.
Olsen MA, Higham-Kessler J, Yokoe DS, Butler AM, J Vostok, KB Stevenson et al. Developing a risk stratification model for surgical site infection after abdominal hysterectomy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30: 1077–1083.
Waisbren E, Rosen H, Bader AM, Lipsitz SR, Rogers SO, Eriksson E . Percent body fat and prediction of surgical site infection. J Am Coll Surg 2010; 210: 381–389.
Di Leo A, Piffer S, Ricci F, Manzi A, Poggi E, Porretto V et al. Surgical site infections in an Italian surgical ward: a prospective study. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2009; 10: 533–538.
Beldi G, Bisch-Knaden S, Banz V, Muhlemann K, Candinas D . Impact of intraoperative behavior on surgical site infections. Am J Surg 2009; 198: 157–162.
Su Z, Koga R, Saiura A, Natori T, Yamaguchi T, Yamamoto J . Factors influencing infectious complications after pancreatoduodenectomy. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2010; 17: 174–179.
Greenblatt DY, Kelly KJ, Rajamanickam V, Wan Y, Hanson T, Rettammel R et al. Preoperative factors predict perioperative morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18: 2126–2135.
Healy LA, Ryan AM, Sutton E, Younger K, Mehigan B, Stephens R et al. Impact of obesity on surgical and oncological outcomes in the management of colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2010; 25: 1293–1299.
Okabayashi T, Nishimori I, Yamashita K, Sugimoto T, Yatabe T, Maeda H et al. Risk factors and predictors for surgical site infection after hepatic resection. J Hosp Infect 2009; 73: 47–53.
Kakarla VR, Nandipati K, Lalla M, Castro A, Merola S . Are laparoscopic bariatric procedures safe in superobese (BMI >/=50 kg/m(2)) patients? An NSQIP data analysis. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2011; 7: 452–458.
Merkow RP, Bilimoria KY, McCarter MD, Bentrem DJ . Effect of body mass index on short-term outcomes after colectomy for cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2009; 208: 53–61.
Gervaz P, Bandiera-Clerc C, Buchs NC, Eisenring MC, Troillet N, Perneger T et al. Scoring system to predict the risk of surgical-site infection after colorectal resection. Br J Surg 2012; 99: 589–595.
Giles KA, Hamdan AD, Pomposelli FB, Wyers MC, Siracuse JJ, Schermerhorn ML . Body mass index: surgical site infections and mortality after lower extremity bypass from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program 2005-2007. Ann Vasc Surg 2010; 24: 48–56.
Dodds Ashley ES, Carroll DN, Engemann JJ, Harris AD, Fowler VG, Sexton DJ et al. Risk factors for postoperative mediastinitis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 1555–1560.
Spelman DW, Russo P, Harrington G, Davis BB, Rabinov M, Smith JA et al. Risk factors for surgical wound infection and bacteraemia following coronary artery bypass surgery. Aust N Z J Surg 2000; 70: 47–51.
Göl MK, Karahan M, Ulus AT, Erdil N, Iscan Z, Karabiber N et al. Bloodstream, respiratory, and deep surgical wound infections after open heart surgery. J Card Surg 1998; 13: 252–259.
Ahmed D, Cheema FH, Ahmed YI, Schaefle KJ, Azam SI, Sami SA et al. Incidence and predictors of infection in patients undergoing primary isolated coronary artery bypass grafting: a report from a tertiary care hospital in a developing country. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2011; 52: 99–104.
Al-Zaru IM, Ammouri AA, Al-Hassan MA, Amr AA . Risk factors for deep sternal wound infections after cardiac surgery in Jordan. J Clin Nurs 2010; 19: 1873–1881.
Olsen MA, Lock-Buckley P, Hopkins D, Polish LB, Sundt TM, Fraser VJ . The risk factors for deep and superficial chest surgical-site infections after coronary artery bypass graft surgery are different. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002; 124: 136–145.
Le Guillou V, Tavolacci MP, Baste JM, Hubscher C, Bedoit E, Bessou JP et al. Surgical site infection after central venous catheter-related infection in cardiac surgery. Analysis of a cohort of 7557 patients. J Hosp Infect 2011; 79: 236–241.
Sharma M, Fakih MG, Berriel-Cass D, Meisner S, Saravolatz L, Khatib R . Harvest surgical site infection following coronary artery bypass grafting: risk factors, microbiology, and outcomes. Am J Infect Control 2009; 37: 653–657.
Olsen MA, Sundt TM, Lawton JS, Damiano RJ, Hopkins-Broyles D, Lock-Buckley P et al. Risk factors for leg harvest surgical site infections after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 126: 992–999.
Dowsey MM, Choong PF . Obese diabetic patients are at substantial risk for deep infection after primary TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467: 1577–1581.
Peel TN, Dowsey MM, Daffy JR, Stanley PA, Choong PF, Buising KL . Risk factors for prosthetic hip and knee infections according to arthroplasty site. J Hosp Infect 2011; 79: 129–133.
McCalden RW, Charron KD, Macdonald SJ, Bourne RB, Naudie DD . Does morbid obesity affect the outcome of total hip replacement?: an analysis of 3290 THRs. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2011; 93: 321–325.
Linam WM, Margolis PA, Staat MA, Britto MT, Hornung R, Cassedy A et al. Risk factors associated with surgical site infection after pediatric posterior spinal fusion procedure. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30: 109–116.
Towfigh S, Chen F, Katkhouda N, Kelso R, Sohn H, Berne TV et al. Obesity should not influence the management of appendicitis. Surg Endosc 2008; 22: 2601–2605.
Zahr F, Genovese E, Mathier M, Shullo M, Lockard K, Zomak R et al. Obese patients and mechanical circulatory support: weight loss, adverse events, and outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 92: 1420–1426.
Torgerson JS, Lindroos AK, Naslund I, Peltonen M . Gallstones, gallbladder disease, and pancreatitis: cross-sectional and 2-year data from the swedish obese subjects (SOS) and SOS reference studies. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 1032–1041.
Martinez J, Sanchez-Paya J, Palazon JM, Suazo-Barahona J, Robles-Diaz G, Perez-Mateo M . Is obesity a risk factor in acute pancreatitis? A meta-analysis. Pancreatology 2004; 4: 42–48.
Martinez J, Johnson CD, Sanchez-Paya J, de Madaria E, Robles-Diaz G, Perez-Mateo M . Obesity is a definitive risk factor of severity and mortality in acute pancreatitis: an updated meta-analysis. Pancreatology 2006; 6: 206–209.
Sempere L, Martinez J, de Madaria E, Lozano B, Sanchez-Paya J, Jover R et al. Obesity and fat distribution imply a greater systemic inflammatory response and a worse prognosis in acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2008; 8: 257–264.
Evans AC, Papachristou GI, Whitcomb DC . Obesity and the risk of severe acute pancreatitis. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2010; 56: 169–179.
Dupuy A, Benchikhi H, Roujeau JC, Bernard P, Vaillant L, Chosidow O et al. Risk factors for erysipelas of the leg (cellulitis): case-control study. Bmj 1999; 318: 1591–1594.
Karppelin M, Siljander T, Vuopio-Varkila J, Kere J, Huhtala H, Vuento R et al. Factors predisposing to acute and recurrent bacterial non-necrotizing cellulitis in hospitalized patients: a prospective case-control study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 729–734.
Bartholomeeusen S, Vandenbroucke J, Truyers C, Buntinx F . Epidemiology and comorbidity of erysipelas in primary care. Dermatology 2007; 215: 118–122.
Bjornsdottir S, Gottfredsson M, Thorisdottir AS, Gunnarsson GB, Rikardsdottir H, Kristjansson M et al. Risk factors for acute cellulitis of the lower limb: a prospective case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 1416–1422.
Pereira de Godoy JM, Galacini Massari P, Yoshino Rosinha M, Marinelli Brandao R, Foroni Casas AL . Epidemiological data and comorbidities of 428 patients hospitalized with erysipelas. Angiology 2010; 61: 492–494.
Sreeramoju P, Porbandarwalla NS, Arango J, Latham K, Dent DL, Stewart RM et al. Recurrent skin and soft tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus requiring operative debridement. Am J Surg 2011; 201: 216–220.
Carratala J, Roson B, Fernandez-Sabe N, Shaw E, del Rio O, Rivera A et al. Factors associated with complications and mortality in adult patients hospitalized for infectious cellulitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 22: 151–157.
Lo Iacono O, Venezia G, Petta S, Mineo C, De Lisi S, Di Marco V et al. The impact of insulin resistance, serum adipocytokines and visceral obesity on steatosis and fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25: 1181–1191.
Delgado-Borrego A, Healey D, Negre B, Christofi M, Sabharwal S, Ludwig DA et al. Influence of body mass index on outcome of pediatric chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 51: 191–197.
Tolman KG, Fonseca V, Tan MH, Dalpiaz A . Narrative review: hepatobiliary disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 946–956.
Shintani Y, Fujie H, Miyoshi H, Tsutsumi T, Tsukamoto K, Kimura S et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and diabetes: direct involvement of the virus in the development of insulin resistance. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 840–848.
Yen SL, Chiu TY, Lin YC, Lee YC, Lee LT, Huang KC . Obesity and hepatitis B infection are associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome in university freshmen. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32: 474–480.
Jain R, Chung SM, Jain L, Khurana M, Lau SW, Lee JE et al. Implications of obesity for drug therapy: limitations and challenges. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 90: 77–89.
Roe JL, Fuentes JM, Mullins ME . Underdosing of common antibiotics for obese patients in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2011. e-pub ahead of print 12 December 2011.
Hall RG, Payne KD, Bain AM, Rahman AP, Nguyen ST, Eaton SA et al. Multicenter evaluation of vancomycin dosing: emphasis on obesity. Am J Med 2008; 121: 515–518.
Pea F, Cojutti P, Sbrojavacca R, Cadeo B, Cristini F, Bulfoni A et al. TDM-guided therapy with daptomycin and meropenem in a morbidly obese, critically ill patient. Ann Pharmacother 2011; 45: e37.
Hollenstein UM, Brunner M, Schmid R, Muller M . Soft tissue concentrations of ciprofloxacin in obese and lean subjects following weight-adjusted dosing. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 354–358.
Forse RA, Karam B, MacLean LD, Christou NV . Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgery in morbidly obese patients.. Surgery 1989; 106: 750–756 discussion 756-757.
Thorne-Humphrey LM, Goralski KB, Slayter KL, Hatchette TF, Johnston BL, McNeil SA . Oseltamivir pharmacokinetics in morbid obesity (OPTIMO trial). J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66: 2083–2091.
Cook AM, Martin C, Adams VR, Morehead RS . Pharmacokinetics of intravenous levofloxacin administered at 750 milligrams in obese adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55: 3240–3243.
Utrup TR, Mueller EW, Healy DP, Callcut RA, Peterson JD, Hurford WE . High-dose ciprofloxacin for serious gram-negative infection in an obese, critically ill patient receiving continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Ann Pharmacother 2010; 44: 1660–1664.
Newman D, Scheetz MH, Adeyemi OA, Montevecchi M, Nicolau DP, Noskin GA et al. Serum piperacillin/tazobactam pharmacokinetics in a morbidly obese individual. Ann Pharmacother 2007; 41: 1734–1739.
Tejera A, Santolaria F, Diez ML, Aleman-Valls MR, Gonzalez-Reimers E, Martinez-Riera A et al. Prognosis of community acquired pneumonia (CAP): value of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) and other mediators of the inflammatory response. Cytokine 2007; 38: 117–123.
Inoue Y, Koizumi A, Wada Y, Iso H, Watanabe Y, Date C et al. Risk and protective factors related to mortality from pneumonia among middle aged and elderly community residents: the JACC Study. J Epidemiol 2007; 17: 194–202.
Corrales-Medina VF, Valayam J, Serpa JA, Rueda AM, Musher DM . The obesity paradox in community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15: e54–e57.
LaCroix AZ LS, Milles TP, White L . Prospective study of pneumonia hospitalizations and mortality of U.S. older people: the role of chronic conditions, health behaviors, and nutritional status. Public Health Rep 1989; 104: 350–360.
Bochicchio GV, Joshi M, Bochicchio K, Tracy K, Scalea TM . A time-dependent analysis of intensive care unit pneumonia in trauma patients. J Trauma 2004; 56: 296–301 discussion 301-3.
Smith RL, Chong TW, Hedrick TL, Hughes MG, Evans HL, McElearney ST et al. Does body mass index affect infection-related outcomes in the intensive care unit? Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2007; 8: 581–588.
El-Solh A, Sikka P, Bozkanat E, Jaafar W, Davies J . Morbid obesity in the medical ICU. Chest 2001; 120: 1989–1997.
Arslan E, Atilgan H, Yavasoglu I . The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in obese subjects. Eur J Intern Med 2009; 20: 695–697.
Perdichizzi G, Bottari M, Pallio S, Fera MT, Carbone M, Barresi G . Gastric infection by Helicobacter pylori and antral gastritis in hyperglycemic obese and in diabetic subjects. New Microbiol 1996; 19: 149–154.
Renshaw AA, Rabaza JR, Gonzalez AM, Verdeja JC . Helicobacter pylori infection in patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Obes Surg 2001; 11: 281–283.
Wu MS, Lee WJ, Wang HH, Huang SP, Lin JT . A case-control study of association of Helicobacter pylori infection with morbid obesity in Taiwan. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1552–1555.
Tatsuguchi A, Miyake K, Gudis K, Futagami S, Tsukui T, Wada K et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on ghrelin expression in human gastric mucosa. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 2121–2127.
Leung CC, Lam TH, Chan WM, Yew WW, Ho KS, Leung G et al. Lower risk of tuberculosis in obesity. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1297–1304.
Palmer CE, Jablon S, Edwards PQ . Tuberculosis morbidity of young men in relation to tuberculin sensitivity and body build. Am Rev Tuberc 1957; 76: 517–539.
Dooley KE, Chaisson RE . Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: convergence of two epidemics. Lancet Infect Dis 2009; 9: 737–746.
Kraft R, Herndon DN, Williams FN, Al-Mousawi AM, Finnerty CC, Jeschke MG . The effect of obesity on adverse outcomes and metabolism in pediatric burn patients. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36: 485–490.
Huttunen R, Laine J, Lumio J, Vuento R, Syrjänen J . Obesity and smoking are factors associated with poor prognosis in patients with bacteraemia. BMC Infect Dis 2007; 7: 13.
Shor-Posner G, Campa A, Zhang G, Persaud N, Miguez-Burbano MJ, Quesada J et al. When obesity is desirable: a longitudinal study of the Miami HIV-1-infected drug abusers (MIDAS) cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000; 23: 81–88.
Jones CY, Hogan JW, Snyder B, Klein RS, Rompalo A, Schuman P et al. Overweight and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) progression in women: associations HIV disease progression and changes in body mass index in women in the HIV epidemiology research study cohort. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37 (Suppl 2): S69–S80.
French AL, Gawel SH, Hershow R, Benning L, Hessol NA, Levine AM et al. Trends in mortality and causes of death among women with HIV in the United States: a 10-year study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 51: 399–406.
Crum-Cianflone NF, Roediger M, Eberly LE, Ganesan A, Weintrob A, Johnson E et al. Impact of weight on immune cell counts among HIV-infected persons. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011; 18: 940–946.
Tedaldi EM, Brooks JT, Weidle PJ, Richardson JT, Baker RK, Buchacz K et al. Increased body mass index does not alter response to initial highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 43: 35–41.
Hanrahan CF, Golub JE, Mohapi L, Tshabangu N, Modisenyane T, Chaisson RE et al. Body mass index and risk of tuberculosis and death. Aids 2010; 24: 1501–1508.
Wanke CA, Silva M, Knox TA, Forrester J, Speigelman D, Gorbach SL . Weight loss and wasting remain common complications in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 803–805.