OC symptoms in African American young adults: The associations between racial discrimination, racial identity, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms

Abramowitz, 2010, Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Psychological Assessment, 22, 180, 10.1037/a0018260 Abramowitz, 2014, The relevance of analogue studies for understanding obsessions and compulsions, Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 206, 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.01.004 Almeida, 2005, Do daily stress processes account for socioeconomic health disparities?, The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60, S34, 10.1093/geronb/60.Special_Issue_2.S34 American Psychiatric Association, 2013 Ayalon, 2009, Using the SCL-90-R to assess distress in African Americans and Caucasian Americans, Journal of Black Studies, 39, 420, 10.1177/0021934706297873 Banks, 2007, The influence of racial identity profiles on the relationship between racial discrimination and depressive symptoms, Journal of Black Psychology, 33, 331, 10.1177/0095798407302540 Barlow, 2002 Berman, 2010, Racism, disadvantage and multiculturalism: Towards effective anti-racist praxis, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33, 214, 10.1080/01419870802302272 Butts, 2002, The black mask of humanity: Racial/ethnic discrimination and post-traumatic stress disorder, Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 30, 336 Bynum, 2008, Private regard, identity protection and perceived racism among African American males, Journal of African American Studies, 12, 142, 10.1007/s12111-008-9038-5 Chapman, 2012, Factor structure analysis of the SCL-90-R in a community-based sample of African American women, Psychiatry Research, 199, 140, 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.028 Chou, 2012, Perception of racial discrimination and psychopathology across three US ethnic minority groups, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18, 74, 10.1037/a0025432 Clark, 1999, Racism as a stressor for African Americans. A biopsychosocial model, The American Psychologist, 54, 805, 10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.805 Cromer, 2007, An investigation of traumatic life events and obsessive-compulsive disorder, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1683, 10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.018 Derogatis, 2010, Symptom checklist‐90‐revised, The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1 Grzywacz, 2004, Socioeconomic status and health: A micro-level analysis of exposure and vulnerability to daily stressors, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45, 1, 10.1177/002214650404500101 Harrell, S. P. (1994). The Racism and Life Experience scales. (Unpublished manuscript). Himle, 2008, Obsessive‐compulsive disorder among African Americans and Blacks of Caribbean descent: Results from the national survey of American life, Depression and Anxiety, 25, 993, 10.1002/da.20434 Jones, 2000, Levels of Racism: A theoretic framework and a Gardener's tale, American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1212, 10.2105/AJPH.90.8.1212 Klonoff, 1999, Racial discrimination and psychiatric symptoms among Blacks, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5, 329, 10.1037/1099-9809.5.4.329 Lewis-Fernández, 2011, Culture and the anxiety disorders: recommendations for DSM V, Anxiety, 9, 351 Magidson, 2004, Latent class models, 175 Martin, P. P., Wout, D., Nguyen, H., Sellers, R. M., Gonzalez, R. (2008). Investigating the Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity in Two Samples: The Development of the MIBI-S 2008. (Unpublished manuscript). Milad, 2012, Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Beyond segregated cortico striatal pathways, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 43, 10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.003 Neblett, 2013, Racial identity mediates the association between ethnic-racial socialization and depressive symptoms, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19, 200, 10.1037/a0032205 Neblett, 2016, The moderating roles of gender and socioeconomic status in the association between racial discrimination and psychological adjustment, Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 23, 385, 10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.05.002 Neblett, 2012, The protective role of racial identity and afrocentric worldview in the association between racial discrimination and blood pressure, Psychosomatic Medicine, 74, 509, 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182583a50 Neblett, 2012, The promise of racial and ethnic protective factors in promoting ethnic minority youth development, Child Development Perspectives, 6, 295, 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00239.x Paradies, 2006, A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health, International Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 888, 10.1093/ije/dyl056 Preacher, 2006, Computational tools for probing interaction effects in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis, Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31, 437, 10.3102/10769986031004437 Priest, 2013, A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people, Social Science & Medicine, 95, 115, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.031 Rachman, 1997, A cognitive theory of obsessions, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 793, 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00040-5 Rowley, 2003, A person-centered approach to African-American gender differences in racial ideology, Self and Identity, 2, 287, 10.1080/714050249 Rubin, 1987 Ruscio, 2010, The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Molecular Psychiatry, 15, 53, 10.1038/mp.2008.94 Salkovskis, 1999, Multiple pathways to inflated responsibility beliefs in obsessional problems: Possible origins and implications for therapy and research, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 1055, 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00063-7 Sawyer, 2015, The impact of childhood family functioning on anxious, depressive, and obsessive compulsive symptoms in adulthood among African Americans, Journal of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, 4, 8, 10.1016/j.jocrd.2014.10.004 Schafer, 2002, Missing data: Our view of the state of the art, Psychological Methods, 7, 147, 10.1037/1082-989X.7.2.147 Schmitz, 2000, Assessing clinically significant change: Application to the SCL-90-R, Psychological Reports, 86, 263, 10.2466/pr0.2000.86.1.263 Seaton, 2009, Perceived racial discrimination and racial identity profiles among African American adolescents, Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15, 137, 10.1037/a0015506 Seaton, 2011, The moderating capacity of racial identity between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being over time among African American youth, Child Development, 82, 1850, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01651.x Sellers, 2003, Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 302, 10.2307/1519781 Sellers, 2006, Racial identity matters: The relationship between racial discrimination and psychological functioning in African American adolescents, Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16, 187, 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00128.x Sellers, 1997, Multidimensional inventory of black identity: A preliminary investigation of reliability and construct validity, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 805, 10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.805 Sellers, 2003, The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1079, 10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1079 Sellers, 1998, Multidimensional model of racial identity: A Reconceptualization of African American racial identity, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 18, 10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_2 Shafran, 1996, Thought-action fusion in obsessive compulsive disorder, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10, 379, 10.1016/0887-6185(96)00018-7 Shelton, 2000, Situational stability and variability in African American racial identity, Journal of Black Psychology, 26, 27, 10.1177/0095798400026001002 Smith, 2011, Ethnic identity and personal well-being of people of color: A meta-analysis, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 42, 10.1037/a0021528 Soto, 2011, The relationship between perceived discrimination and generalized anxiety disorder among African Americans, Afro Caribbeans, and non-Hispanic Whites, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 258, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.09.011 Thomas, 2000, Psychometric analysis of racial differences on the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory, Assessment, 7, 247, 10.1177/107319110000700305 Vermunt, 2005 Wheaton, 2013, Differences in obsessive–compulsive symptoms and obsessive beliefs: A comparison between African Americans, Asian Americans, Latino Americans, and European Americans, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42, 9, 10.1080/16506073.2012.701663 Williams, 2000, Racism and mental health: The African American experience, Ethnicity and Health, 5, 243, 10.1080/713667453 Williams, 2009, Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 20, 10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0 Williams, 2016, Obsessive–compulsive disorder in African American children and adolescents: Risks, resiliency, and barriers to treatment, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87, 291, 10.1037/ort0000188 Williams, 2012, Recruitment of a hidden population: African Americans with obsessive–compulsive disorder, Contemporary Clinical Trials, 33, 67, 10.1016/j.cct.2011.09.001 Williams, 2017, Discrimination and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87, 636, 10.1037/ort0000285 Williams, 2007, Identification and explanation of racial differences on contamination measures, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 3041, 10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.013 Worrell, 2014, Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS) scores and profiles in African American adolescents involved with the juvenile justice system, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61, 570, 10.1037/cou0000041 Zohar, 1999, The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 8, 445, 10.1016/S1056-4993(18)30163-9