Quản lý dinh dưỡng trong các hệ thống canh tác sorghum ở châu Phi: áp dụng phân tích tổng hợp để đánh giá năng suất và lợi nhuận

Agronomy for Sustainable Development - Tập 36 - Trang 1-19 - 2016
Christina Tonitto1, Jacob E. Ricker-Gilbert2
1Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
2Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA

Tóm tắt

Sự suy giảm độ màu mỡ của đất và việc nông dân khó tiếp cận với phân bón vô cơ thường gây ra năng suất hạt kém tối ưu ở khắp khu vực hạ Sahara châu Phi. Năng suất trang trại cũng gặp rủi ro từ thời tiết khắc nghiệt và biến đổi khí hậu trong tương lai. Sự không chắc chắn đáng kể vẫn tồn tại trong việc dự đoán khí hậu ở châu Phi, tăng thêm thách thức trong việc lập kế hoạch cho việc thích nghi với biến đổi khí hậu. Sorghum thích ứng với các mẫu khí hậu ở châu Phi và được dự đoán sẽ duy trì tính thích hợp rộng rãi trong các khu vực khí hậu châu Phi khác nhau dưới tác động của biến đổi khí hậu. Khả năng chịu hạn và khả năng chống ngập của sorghum làm cho nó trở thành một loại cây trồng quan trọng để duy trì các hệ sinh thái nông nghiệp biết sản xuất trong bối cảnh khí hậu thay đổi. Do vai trò của nó như một loại hạt thực phẩm chủ yếu, việc cải thiện quản lý sorghum có thể cung cấp cho nông dân quy mô nhỏ sự ổn định trong nhu cầu dinh dưỡng hộ gia đình của họ. Chúng tôi đã xem xét xu hướng năng suất của sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) qua các kịch bản quản lý dinh dưỡng bằng cách sử dụng phân tích tổng hợp. Chúng tôi đã so sánh năng suất qua tám phương pháp quản lý dinh dưỡng: (i) chỉ N, (ii) chỉ P, (iii) N và P, (iv) N và P vi lượng, (v) quản lý cây họ đậu, (vi) thêm phân, (vii) bổ sung chất hữu cơ, và (viii) bổ sung phối hợp. Đánh giá của chúng tôi cho thấy (1) cải thiện năng suất xem xét tất cả các kịch bản trung bình là 66% so với không có đầu vào dinh dưỡng, (2) năng suất dưới sự bổ sung phân bón hóa học tăng từ 47–98% năng suất kiểm soát, (3) năng suất dưới sự bổ sung dinh dưỡng hữu cơ tăng từ 43–87% của năng suất kiểm soát, và (4) khả năng sinh lời của một kịch bản quản lý không chỉ được xác định bởi mức độ tăng năng suất. Ví dụ, do chi phí cao của phân bón, việc bổ sung nitơ (N) và photpho (P) tạo ra mức tăng năng suất lớn nhất, nhưng lợi nhuận thấp nhất, ở hai trong ba quốc gia được phân tích. Ngược lại, một cây họ đậu ăn được trong luân canh trung bình cải thiện năng suất 43% so với không có đầu vào dinh dưỡng và lợi nhuận ròng từ 146 đến 263 USD mỗi hectare. Việc tạo điều kiện tiếp cận cả đầu vào phân bón và luân canh đa dạng có tiềm năng lớn nhất để tăng năng suất hạt ở châu Phi.

Từ khóa

#quản lý dinh dưỡng #sorghum #năng suất #biến đổi khí hậu #châu Phi #phân bón

Tài liệu tham khảo

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