Nutrient-limited subarctic caves harbour more diverse and complex bacterial communities than their surface soil

Environmental Microbiome
Ana Sofia P. S. Reboleira1, Kasun H. Bodawatta1, Nynne M. R. Ravn2, Stein‐Erik Lauritzen3, Rannveig Øvrevik Skoglund4, Michael Poulsen5, Anders Michelsen6, Knud A. Jønsson2
1Departamento de Biologia Animal, and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749–016, Lisbon, Portugal
2Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
3Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegt. 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway
4Department of Geography, University of Bergen, Fosswinckels gt. 6, 5007, Bergen, Norway
5Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen East, Denmark
6Section for Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark

Tóm tắt

Abstract Background Subarctic regions are particularly vulnerable to climate change, yet little is known about nutrient availability and biodiversity of their cave ecosystems. Such knowledge is crucial for predicting the vulnerability of these ecosystems to consequences of climate change. Thus, to improve our understanding of life in these habitats, we characterized environmental variables, as well as bacterial and invertebrate communities of six subarctic caves in Northern Norway. Results Only a minuscule diversity of surface-adapted invertebrates were found in these caves. However, the bacterial communities in caves were compositionally different, more diverse and more complex than the nutrient-richer surface soil. Cave soil microbiomes were less variable between caves than between surface communities in the same area, suggesting that the stable cave environments with tougher conditions drive the uniform microbial communities. We also observed only a small proportion of cave bacterial genera originating from the surface, indicating unique cave-adapted microbial communities. Increased diversity within caves may stem from higher niche specialization and levels of interdependencies for nutrient cycling among bacterial taxa in these oligotrophic environments. Conclusions Taken together this suggest that environmental changes, e.g., faster melting of snow as a result of global warming that could alter nutrient influx, can have a detrimental impact on interactions and dependencies of these complex communities. This comparative exploration of cave and surface microbiomes also lays the foundation to further investigate the long-term environmental variables that shape the biodiversity of these vulnerable ecosystems.

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