Nutrient enrichment reduces complementarity and increases priority effects in prairies managed for bioenergy

Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, Pub. L. No. 110-140, 121 Stat. 1492 (December 19, 2007). Jordan, 2007, Sustainable development of the agricultural bio-economy, Science, 316, 1570, 10.1126/science.1141700 National Assessment Synthesis Team, 2001 Miranowski, 2005, Energy consumption in U.S. agriculture, 68 2011 Robertson, 2005, Reconciling agricultural productivity and environmental integrity: a grand challenge for agriculture, Front Ecol Environ, 3, 38, 10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0038:RAPAEI]2.0.CO;2 Lin, 2011, Resilience in agriculture through crop diversification: adaptive management for environmental change, Bioscience, 61, 183, 10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.4 Cruse, 2010, Fossil energy use in conventional and low-external-input cropping systems, Agron J, 102, 934, 10.2134/agronj2009.0457 Donner, 2008, Corn-based ethanol production comprimises goal of reducing nitrogen export by the Mississisppi River, P Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, 4513, 10.1073/pnas.0708300105 Tilman, 2006, Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass, Science, 314, 1598, 10.1126/science.1133306 Tilman, 2009, Beneficial biofuels – the food, energy, and environment trilemma, Science, 325, 270, 10.1126/science.1177970 Schilling, 2009, Impact of land use and land cover change on the water balance of a large agricultural watershed: historical effects and future directions, Water Resour Res, 45, W00A09 Folke, 2004, Regine shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management, Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst, 35, 557, 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105711 Laliberté, 2010, Land-use intensification reduces functional redundancy and response diversity in plant communities, Ecol Lett, 13, 76, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01403.x Picasso, 2008, Crop species diversity affects productivity and weed suppression in perennial polycultures under two management strategies, Crop Sci, 48, 331, 10.2135/cropsci2007.04.0225 Schmer, 2008, Net energy of cellulosic ethanol from switchgrass, P Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, 464, 10.1073/pnas.0704767105 Hooper, 2005, Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge, Ecol Monogr, 75, 3, 10.1890/04-0922 Cardinale, 2007, Impacts of plant diversity on biomass production increase through time because of species complementarity, P Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 18123, 10.1073/pnas.0709069104 Tilman, 1997, Plant diversity and ecosystem productivity: theoretical considerations, P Natl Acad Sci USA, 94, 1857, 10.1073/pnas.94.5.1857 Webster, 2010, Diversity, productivity and landscape-level effects in North American grasslands managed for biomass production, Adv Biochem Eng Biot, 1, 451 Griffith, 2011, A comparison of perennial polycultures and monocultures for producing biomass for biorefinery feedstock, Agron J, 103, 617, 10.2134/agronj2010.0336 Balvanera, 2006, Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services, Ecol Lett, 9, 1146, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00963.x Mokany, 2008, Functional identity is more important than diversity in influencing ecosystem processes in a temperate native grassland, J Ecol, 96, 884, 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01395.x Kindscher, 1995, Prairie plant guilds: a multivariate analysis of prairie species based on ecological and morphological traits, Vegetation, 117, 29, 10.1007/BF00033257 Craine, 2002, Functional traits, productivity and effects on nitrogen cycling of 33 grassland species, Funct Ecol, 16, 563, 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00660.x Hector, 2002, Overyielding in grassland communities: testing the sampling effect hypothesis with replicated biodiversity experiments, Ecol Lett, 5, 502, 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00337.x Fargione, 2007, From selection to complementarity: shifts in the causes of biodiversity-productivity relationships in a long-term biodiversity experiment, P R Soc B, 274, 871, 10.1098/rspb.2006.0351 Stevens, 2004, Establishment limitation reduces species recruitment and species richness as soil resources rise, J Ecol, 92, 339, 10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00866.x Wolkovich, 2011, The phenology of plant invasions: a community ecology perspective, Front Ecol Environ, 9, 287, 10.1890/100033 Roscher, 2005, Overyielding in experimental grassland communities – irrespective of species poor or spatial scale, Ecol Lett, 8, 419, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00736.x Turner, 1997, Soil N and Plant responses to fire, topography, and supplemental N in tallgrass prairie, Ecology, 78, 1832, 10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1832:SNAPRT]2.0.CO;2 Gough, 2000, Fertilization effects on species density and primary productivity in herbaceous plant communities, Oikos, 89, 428, 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.890302.x Camill, 2004, Community- and ecosystem-level changes in a species-rich tallgrass prairie restoration, Ecol Appl, 14, 1680, 10.1890/03-5273 Pan, 2010, Plant community and tissue chemistry responses to fertilizer and litter nutrient manipulations in a temperate grassland, Plant Ecol, 206, 139, 10.1007/s11258-009-9630-3 Parrish, 2005, The biology and agronomy of switchgrass for biofuels, Crit Rev Plant Sci, 24, 423, 10.1080/07352680500316433 Wang, 2010, A quantitative review comparing the yield of switchgrass in monocultures and mixtures in relation to climate and management factors, Glob Change Biol Bioenerg, 2, 16, 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2010.01035.x Heggenstaller, 2009, Nitrogen influences biomass and nutrient partitioning by perennial, warm-season grasses, Agron J, 101, 1363, 10.2134/agronj2008.0225x Kucharik, 2001, Measurements and modeling of carbon and nitrogen cycling in agroecosystems of southern Wisconsin: potential for SOC sequestration during the next 50 years, Ecosystems, 4, 237, 10.1007/s10021\N001\N0007-2 Hunt, 1982 Pinheiro, 2010 Jonasson, 1988, Evaluation of the point intercept method for the estimation of plant biomass, Oikos, 52, 101, 10.2307/3565988 Loreau, 2001, Partitioning selection and complementarity in biodiversity experiments, Nature, 412, 72, 10.1038/35083573 LeBauer, 2008, Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed, Ecology, 89, 371, 10.1890/06-2057.1 Reich, 2003, Variation in growth rate and ecophysiology among 34 grassland and savanna species under contrasting N supply: a test of functional group differences, New Phytol, 157, 617, 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00703.x Wedin, 1996, Influence of nitrogen loading and species composition on the carbon balance of grasslands, Science, 274, 1720, 10.1126/science.274.5293.1720 Grime, 1998, Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: immediate, filter and founder effects, J Ecol, 86, 902, 10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00306.x Polley, 2003, Do species evenness and plant density influence the magnitude of selection and complementarity effects in annual plant species mixtures?, Ecol Lett, 6, 248, 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00422.x Hooper, 1998, The role of complementarity and competition in ecosystem responses to variation in plant diversity, Ecology, 79, 704, 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0704:TROCAC]2.0.CO;2 Tilman, 1997, The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes, Science, 277, 1300, 10.1126/science.277.5330.1300