Numerical study of fluid injection-induced deformation and seismicity in a mature fault zone with a low-permeability fault core bounded by a densely fractured damage zone

Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment - Tập 31 - Trang 100277 - 2022
Qinghua Lei1, Chin-Fu Tsang2,3
1Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
2Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
3Energy Geosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Caine, 1996, Fault zone architecture and permeability structure, Geology, 24, 1025, 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<1025:FZAAPS>2.3.CO;2 Faulkner, 2010, A review of recent developments concerning the structure, mechanics and fluid flow properties of fault zones, J Struct Geol, 32, 1557, 10.1016/j.jsg.2010.06.009 Scholz, 2019 Scholz, 1987, Wear and gouge formation in brittle faulting, Geology, 15, 493, 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<493:WAGFIB>2.0.CO;2 Sibson, 2003, Thickness of the seismic slip zone, Bull Seismol Soc Am, 93, 1169, 10.1785/0120020061 Choi, 2016, Definition and classification of fault damage zones: A review and a new methodological approach, Earth-Sci Rev, 152, 70, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.11.006 Kim, 2004, Fault damage zones, J Struct Geol, 26, 503, 10.1016/j.jsg.2003.08.002 Ben-Zion, 2003, Characterization of fault zones, Pure Appl Geophys, 160, 677, 10.1007/PL00012554 Bense, 2013, Fault zone hydrogeology, Earth-Sci Rev, 127, 171, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.09.008 Chester, 1993, Internal structure and weakening mechanisms of the San Andreas Fault, J Geophys Res, 98, 771, 10.1029/92JB01866 Brixel, 2020, Tracking fluid flow in shallow crustal fault zones: 1. Insights from single-hole permeability estimates, J Geophys Res Solid Earth, 125, 1 Brixel, 2020, Tracking fluid flow in shallow crustal fault zones: 2. Insights from cross-hole forced flow experiments in damage zones, J Geophys Res Solid Earth, 125, 1 Elsworth, 2016, Understanding induced seismicity, Science (80- ), 354, 1380, 10.1126/science.aal2584 Zoback, 2012, Earthquake triggering and large-scale geologic storage of carbon dioxide, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 109, 10164, 10.1073/pnas.1202473109 Vilarrasa, 2015, Geologic carbon storage is unlikely to trigger large earthquakes and reactivate faults through which CO2 could leak, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 112, 5938, 10.1073/pnas.1413284112 Bao, 2016, Fault activation by hydraulic fracturing in western Canada, Science (80- ), 354, 1406, 10.1126/science.aag2583 Keranen, 2014, Sharp increase in central oklahoma seismicity since 2008 induced by massive wastewater injection, Science (80- ), 345, 448, 10.1126/science.1255802 Segall, 2015, Injection-induced seismicity: Poroelastic and earthquake nucleation effects, J Geophys Res Solid Earth, 120, 5082, 10.1002/2015JB012060 Guglielmi, 2015, Seismicity triggered by fluid injection-induced aseismic slip, Science (80- ), 348, 1224, 10.1126/science.aab0476 Grigoli, 2018, The 2017 Mw 5.5 Pohang earthquake: A possible case of induced seismicity in South Korea, Science (80- ), 360, 1003, 10.1126/science.aat2010 Kim, 2018, Assessing whether the 2017 M w 5.4 Pohang earthquake in South Korea was an induced event, Science (80- ), 360, 1007, 10.1126/science.aat6081 Ellsworth, 2019, Triggering of the Pohang, Korea, Earthquake (Mw 5.5) by enhanced geothermal system stimulation, Seismol Res Lett, 90, 1844 Cappa, 2011, Modeling of coupled deformation and permeability evolution during fault reactivation induced by deep underground injection of CO2, Int J Greenh Gas Control, 5, 336, 10.1016/j.ijggc.2010.08.005 Rutqvist, 2013, Modeling of fault reactivation and induced seismicity during hydraulic fracturing of shale-gas reservoirs, J Pet Sci Eng, 107, 31, 10.1016/j.petrol.2013.04.023 Rutqvist, 2015, Modeling of fault activation and seismicity by injection directly into a fault zone associated with hydraulic fracturing of shale-gas reservoirs, J Pet Sci Eng, 127, 377, 10.1016/j.petrol.2015.01.019 Figueiredo, 2017, Study of hydraulic fracturing processes in shale formations with complex geological settings, J Pet Sci Eng, 152, 361, 10.1016/j.petrol.2017.03.011 Zeng, 2021, Numerical simulation of fluid injection-induced fault slip in heterogeneous shale formations, Comput Geotech, 134 Rinaldi, 2014, Effects of fault-zone architecture on earthquake magnitude and gas leakage related to CO 2 injection in a multi-layered sedimentary system, Greenh Gases Sci Technol, 4, 99, 10.1002/ghg.1403 Yehya, 2018, Effect of fault architecture and permeability evolution on response to fluid injection, J Geophys Res Solid Earth, 123, 9982, 10.1029/2018JB016550 Villiger, 2020, Influence of reservoir geology on seismic response during decameter-scale hydraulic stimulations in crystalline rock, Solid Earth, 11, 627, 10.5194/se-11-627-2020 Villiger, 2021, Metre-scale stress heterogeneities and stress redistribution drive complex fracture slip and fracture growth during a hydraulic stimulation experiment, Geophys J Int, 225, 1689, 10.1093/gji/ggab057 Gischig, 2020, Hydraulic stimulation and fluid circulation experiments in underground laboratories: Stepping up the scale towards engineered geothermal systems, Geomech Energy Environ, 24, 10.1016/j.gete.2019.100175 Lei, 2021, Modelling fluid injection-induced fracture activation, damage growth, seismicity occurrence and connectivity change in naturally fractured rocks, Int J Rock Mech Min Sci, 138, 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104598 Jaeger, 2007 Jirásek, 2012, Numerical aspects of the crack band approach, Comput Struct, 110–111, 60, 10.1016/j.compstruc.2012.06.006 Tang, 2008, Fracture spacing in layered materials: A new explanation based on two-dimensional failure process modeling, Am J Sci, 308, 49, 10.2475/01.2008.02 Rutqvist, 2002, A modeling approach for analysis of coupled multiphase fluid flow, heat transfer, and deformation in fractured porous rock, Int J Rock Mech Min Sci, 39, 429, 10.1016/S1365-1609(02)00022-9 Witherspoon, 1980, Validity of cubic law for fluid flow in a deformable rock fracture, Water Resour Res, 16, 1016, 10.1029/WR016i006p01016 Rutqvist, 1998, Determination of fracture storativity in hard rocks using high-pressure injection testing, Water Resour Res, 34, 2551, 10.1029/98WR01863 Zhu, 2011, Numerical simulation on mining-induced water inrushes related to geologic structures using a damage-based hydromechanical model, Environ Earth Sci, 62, 43, 10.1007/s12665-010-0494-6 Figueiredo, 2015, A study of changes in deep fractured rock permeability due to coupled hydro-mechanical effects, Int J Rock Mech Min Sci, 79, 70, 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.08.011 Bažant, 1983, Crack band theory for fracture of concrete, Matériaux Constr, 16, 155, 10.1007/BF02486267 Xu, 2012, Modelling the time-dependent rheological behaviour of heterogeneous brittle rocks, Geophys J Int, 189, 1781, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05460.x Zhao, 2014, Numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing and associated microseismicity using finite-discrete element method, J Rock Mech Geotech Eng, 6, 574, 10.1016/j.jrmge.2014.10.003 Kanamori, 2001, The physics of earthquakes, Phys Today, 54, 34, 10.1063/1.1387590 COMSOL AB, 2019 Shipton, 2001, Damage zone and slip-surface evolution over μm to km scales in high-porosity Navajo sandstone, Utah, J Struct Geol, 23, 1825, 10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00035-9 Ostermeijer, 2020, Damage zone heterogeneity on seismogenic faults in crystalline rock; a field study of the Borrego Fault, Baja California, J Struct Geol, 137 Mitchell, 2009, The nature and origin of off-fault damage surrounding strike-slip fault zones with a wide range of displacements: A field study from the Atacama fault system, northern Chile, J Struct Geol, 31, 802, 10.1016/j.jsg.2009.05.002 Mitchell, 2012, Towards quantifying the matrix permeability of fault damage zones in low porosity rocks, Earth Planet Sci Lett, 339–340, 24, 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.05.014 Lei, 2017, The use of discrete fracture networks for modelling coupled geomechanical and hydrological behaviour of fractured rocks, Comput Geotech, 85, 151, 10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.12.024 Brown, 1989, The potential for large errors in the inferred minimum earth stress when using incomplete hydraulic fracturing results, Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr, 26, 573, 10.1016/0148-9062(89)91437-X Norbeck, 2018, Field observations at the fenton hill enhanced geothermal system test site support mixed-mechanism stimulation, Geothermics, 74, 135, 10.1016/j.geothermics.2018.03.003 Kato, 2021, The generation of large earthquakes, Nat Rev Earth Environ, 2, 26, 10.1038/s43017-020-00108-w Häring, 2008, Characterisation of the basel 1 enhanced geothermal system, Geothermics, 37, 469, 10.1016/j.geothermics.2008.06.002 Dorbath, 2009, Seismic response of the fractured and faulted granite of Soultz-sous-Forêts (France) to 5 km deep massive water injections, Geophys J Int, 177, 653, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04030.x Lee, 2019, Managing injection-induced seismic risks, Science (80- ), 364, 730, 10.1126/science.aax1878 Baisch, 2003, A model for fluid-injection-induced seismicity at the KTB, Germany, Geophys J Int, 152, 160, 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01837.x Baisch, 2006, Induced seismicity during the stimulation of a geothermal HFR reservoir in the Cooper Basin, Australia, Bull Seismol Soc Am, 96, 2242, 10.1785/0120050255 Zimmerman, 1996, Hydraulic conductivity of rock fractures, Transp Porous Media, 23, 1