Numerical modeling of mineralizing processes during the formation of the Yangzhuang Kiruna-type iron deposit, Middle and Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt, China: Implications for the genesis and longevity of Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite systems

Anderson, 1989 Bickle, 1978, Heat loss from the Earth: a constraint on Archaean tectonics from the relation between geothermal gradients and the rate of plate production, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 40, 301, 10.1016/0012-821X(78)90155-3 Buret, 2016, From a long-lived upper-crustal magma chamber to rapid porphyry copper emplacement: reading the geochemistry of zircon crystals at Bajo de la Alumbrera (NW Argentina), Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 450, 120, 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.017 Chai, 2013, The Abagong apatite-rich magnetite deposit in the Chinese Altay Orogenic Belt: a Kiruna-type iron deposit, Ore Geol. Rev., 57, 482, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.07.002 Chang, 1991 Chen, 2021, Distance anomaly factors for gold potential mapping in the Jinchanggouliang area, Inner Mongolia, China, Earth Sci. Inf., 2021 Cheng, 2021, What are Mathematical Geosciences and its frontiers?, Earth Sci. Front., 28, 6 Eldursi, 2009, Numerical investigation of transient hydrothermal processes around intrusions: heat-transfer and fluid-circulation controlled mineralization patterns, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 288, 70, 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.09.009 Esmailiy, 2016, The shaytor apatite-magnetite deposit in the kashmar-kerman tectonic zone (Central Iran): a kiruna-type iron deposit, Open J. Geol., 6, 895, 10.4236/ojg.2016.68068 Fan, 2021, Numerical simulation study on ore-forming factors of the Gejiu ore deposit, China, Ore Geol. Rev., 135, 104209, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104209 Förster, 1979, Petrographic observation on a magnetite deposit at Mishdovan, Central Iran, Econ. Geol., 74, 1485, 10.2113/gsecongeo.74.6.1485 Frietsch, 1995, Rare earth elements in apatite and magnetite in Kiruna-type iron ores and some other iron ore types, Ore Geol. Rev., 9, 489, 10.1016/0169-1368(94)00015-G Gorczyk, 2015, Tectonics and melting in intra-continental settings, Gondwana Res., 27, 196, 10.1016/j.gr.2013.09.021 Gorczyk, 2013, Intracratonic geodynamics, Gondwana Res., 24, 838, 10.1016/j.gr.2013.01.006 Hart, 1995, Porosity and pressure: role of compaction disequilibrium in the development of geopressures in a Gulf Coast Pleistocene basin, Geology, 23, 45, 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0045:PAPROC>2.3.CO;2 Heidarian, 2017, Chadormalu Kiruna-type magnetite-apatite deposit, Bafq district, Iran: insights into hydrothermal alteration and petrogenesis from geochemical, fluid inclusion, and sulfur isotope data, Ore Geol. Rev., 83, 43, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.11.031 Hobbs, 2007, Thermodynamics of folding in the middle to lower crust, Geology, 35, 175, 10.1130/G23188A Hou, 2010, Deep ore magma-hydrothermal system of Zhonggu ore field in southern part of Ningwu Basin, Earth Sci. Front., 17, 186 Hou, 2011, Gushan magnetite–apatite deposit in the Ningwu Basin, lower Yangtze River valley, SE China: hydrothermal or kiruna-type?, Ore Geol. Rev., 43, 333, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.09.014 Hu, 2003, The pressure gradient in the lithosphere, Earth Sci. Front., 10, 129 Hu, 2018, 3D characteristic analysis-based targeting of concealed kiruna-type fe oxide-apatite mineralization within the yangzhuang deposit of the zhonggu orefield, southern ningwu volcanic basin, middle-lower yangtze river metallogenic belt, China, Ore Geol. Rev., 92, 240, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.11.019 Hu, 2022, Numerical modeling of formation of the Maoping Pb-Zn deposit within the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Metallogenic Province, Southwestern China: implications for the spatial distribution of concealed Pb mineralization and its controlling factors, Ore Geol. Rev., 2022, 104573, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104573 Hu, 2019, Numerical simulation based targeting of the magushan skarn Cu–Mo deposit, middle-lower yangtze metallogenic belt, China, Minerals, 9, 588, 10.3390/min9100588 Hu, 2020, Numerical modeling of ore-forming processes within the chating Cu-Au porphyry-type deposit, China: implications for the longevity of hydrothermal systems and potential uses in mineral exploration, Ore Geol. Rev., 116, 103230, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103230 Hu, 2020, 3D numerical simulation-based targeting of skarn type mineralization within the Xuancheng-magushan orefield, middle-lower yangtze metallogenic belt, China, Lithosphere, 2020, 1, 10.2113/2020/8351536 Jia, 2018, Metallogenic dynamics simulation based on multi-source data constraint: a case study of the typical deposit in Zhongu ore field in Ningwu Basin, Chin. J. Geol., 53, 1327 Jin, 2014, On geological and geochemical characteristics and genesis of iron deposit in Yangzhuang of Dangtu in Anhui, J. Geol., 38, 206 Kumar, 2016 Large, 2018, Magma evolution leading to porphyry Au-Cu mineralization at the Ok Tedi deposit, Papua New Guinea: trace element geochemistry and high-precision geochronology of igneous zircon, Econ. Geol., 113, 39, 10.5382/econgeo.2018.4543 Li, 2015, Dynamics of along-strike transition between oceanic subduction and continental collision: effects of fluid-melt activity, Acta Petrol. Sin., 31, 3524 Li, 1979, Some features of the fluid inclusions and the ore-forming temperature of a certain porphyrite-type iron deposit, Acta Geologica Sinca, 1, 50 Li, 2015, Three-dimensional mineral prospectivity modeling for targeting of concealed mineralization within the Zhonggu iron orefield, Ningwu Basin, China, Ore Geol. Rev., 71, 633, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.06.001 Li, 2018, Pulsed magmatic fluid release for the formation of porphyry deposits: tracing fluid evolution in absolute time from the Tibetan Qulong Cu-Mo deposit, Geology, 46, 7, 10.1130/G39504.1 Li, 2019, 3D computational simulation-based mineral prospectivity modeling for exploration for concealed Fe–Cu skarn-type mineralization within the Yueshan orefield, Anqing district, Anhui province, China, Ore Geol. Rev., 105, 1, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.12.003 Li, 2021, Mineral prospectivity prediction via convolutional neural networks based on geological big data, J. Earth Sci. (English Edition), 32, 327 Lister, 1963, Geothermal gradient measurement using a deep sea corer, Geophys. J. Int., 7, 571, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1963.tb03822.x Liu, 2014, Numerical modeling of pore-fluid flow and heat transfer in the Fushan iron ore district, Hebei, China: implications for hydrothermal mineralization, J. Geochem. Explor., 144, 115, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.02.023 Liu, 2010, Coupled geodynamics in the formation of Cu skarn deposit in Tongling-Anqing district, China: computational modeling and implications for exploration, J. Geochem. Explor., 106, 146, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2010.01.002 Liu, 2010, Constraints of tectonic stress regime on mineralization system related to the hypabyssal intrusion: implication from the computational modeling experiments on the geodynamics during cooling process of the Yuenshan intrusion in Anqing district, China, Acta Petrol. Sin., 26, 2869 Liu, 2011, Geodynamic constraints on orebody localization in the Anqingorefield, China: computational modeling and facilitating predictive exploration of deep deposits, Ore Geol. Rev., 43, 249, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.09.005 Liu, 2021, Aeromagnetic and geochemical signatures in the Chinese western Tianshan: implications for tectonic setting and mineral exploration, Nat. Resor. Res. Mandl, 1988 Mao, 2020, 3D mineral prospectivity modeling for the low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit: a case study of the Axi gold deposit, western Tianshan, NW China, Minerals, 10, 10.3390/min10030233 Murphy, 2008, Targeting stratiform Zn-Pb-Ag massive sulfide deposits in Ireland through numerical modeling of coupled deformation, thermal Transport, and fluid flow, Econ. Geol., 103, 1437, 10.2113/gsecongeo.103.7.1437 2011 1978 Nyström, 1994, Magmatic features of iron ores of the Kiruna type in Chile and Sweden: ore textures and magnetite geochemistry, Econ. Geol., 89, 820, 10.2113/gsecongeo.89.4.820 Oliver, 2006, Numerical models of extensional deformation, heat transfer, and fluid flows across basement-cover interfaces during basin-related mineralization, Econ. Geol., 101, 1, 10.2113/gsecongeo.101.1.1 Ord, 2010, Theoretical and numerical investigation into roles of geofluid flow in ore forming systems: integrated mass conservation and generic model approach, J. Geochem. Explor., 106, 251, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2009.11.005 Ord, 2012, The mechanics of hydrothermal systems: I. Ore systems as chemical reactors, Ore Geol. Rev., 49, 1, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.08.003 Pirajno, 2015, Intracontinental porphyry and porphyry skarn mineral systems in eastern China: scrutiny of a special case “made-in-China”, Econ. Geol., 110, 603, 10.2113/econgeo.110.3.603 Porwal, 2015, Introduction to the Special Issue: GIS-based mineral potential modelling and geological data analyses for mineral exploration, Ore Geol. Rev., 71, 477, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.04.017 Rojas, 2018, New contributions to the understanding of kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite deposits revealed by magnetite ore and gangue mineral geochemistry at the el romeral deposit, Chile, Ore Geol. Rev., 93, 413, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.01.003 Sillitoe, 2002, New field evidence bearing on the origin of the El Laco magnetite deposit, Northern Chile, Econ. Geol., 97, 1101 Sun, 2019, GIS-based mineral prospectivity mapping using machine learning methods: a case study from Tongling ore district, eastern China, Ore Geol. Rev., 109, 26, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.04.003 Sun, 2020, Data-driven predictive modelling of mineral prospectivity using machine learning and deep learning methods: a case study from southern Jiangxi province, China, Minerals, 10, 102, 10.3390/min10020102 Tang, 1998 Von Quadt, 2011, Zircon crystallization and the lifetimes of ore-forming magmatic-hydrothermal systems, Geology, 39, 731, 10.1130/G31966.1 Wang, 2001, Geochemical characteristics of volcanic rocks from Ningwu area, and its significance, Acta Petrol. Sin., 17, 565 Weis, 2012, Porphyry-copper ore shells form at stable pressure-temperature fronts within dynamic fluid plumes, Science, 338, 1613, 10.1126/science.1225009 Xiao, 2021, Fault and intrusion control on copper mineralization in the Dexing porphyry copper deposit in Jiangxi, China: a perspective from stress deformation-heat transfer-fluid flow coupled numerical modeling, Earth Sci. Front., 28, 190 Zhai, 1992 Zhang, 2021, Data-driven mineral prospectivity mapping by joint application of unsupervised convolutional auto-encoder network and supervised convolutional neural network, Nat. Resor. Res., 1 Zhao, 2015, Advances in numerical algorithms and methods in computational geosciences with modeling characteristics of multiple physical and chemical processes, Sci. China(Technol. Sci.), 58, 783 Zhao, 2016, Computational methods for simulating some typical problems in computational geosciences, Int. J. Comput. Methods, 13, 1, 10.1142/S0219876216400168 Zhao, 2008, Morphological evolution of three-dimensional chemical dissolution front in fluid-saturated porous media: a numerical simulation approach, Geofluids, 8, 113, 10.1111/j.1468-8123.2008.00210.x Zhao, 2009 Zhao, 2018, Modeling of mountain topography effects on hydrothermal pb-zn mineralization patterns: generic model approach, J. Geochem. Explor., 199, 400, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.04.004 Zhao, 2020, An overview of recent advances in porphyrite iron (iron oxide- apatite, IOA) deposits in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley Metallogenic Belt and its implication for ore genesis, Earth Sci. Front., 27, 197 Zhou, 2015, A review of the intracontinental porphyry deposits in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley metallogenic belt, Eastern China, Ore Geol. Rev., 65, 433, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.10.002 Zhou, 2020, Critical metal resources in the middle-lower Yangtze River vally metallogenic belt, Chin. Sci. Bull., 65, 3665, 10.1360/TB-2020-0347 Zhu, 2019, Research status of FLAC3D-based mineralization process simulation, J. Geol., 43, 506 Zou, 2017, Finite difference modeling of metallogenic processes in the Hutouya Pb-Zn deposit, Qinghai, China: implications for hydrothermal mineralization, Ore Geol. Rev., 91, 463, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.09.008 Zuo, 2021, Uncertainties in gis-based mineral prospectivity mapping: key types, potential impacts and possible solutions, Nat. Resor. Res., 1