Novel Associations and Importation Biological Control: The Need for Ecological and Physiological Equivalencies

Alam M. M., Bennett F. D. and Carl K. P. (1971) Biological control of Diatraea saccharalis (F.) in Barbados by Apanteles flavipes Cam. and Lixophaga diatraeae T. T. Entomophaga 16, 151–158. Austin A. D. and Dangerfield P. C. (1989) The taxonomy of New World microgastrine braconids (Hymenoptera) parasitic on Diatraea spp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 79, 131–144. Bennett F. D. (1969) Tachinid flies as biological control agents for sugar cane moth borers, pp. 117–148. In Pests of Sugar Cane (Edited by J. R. Williams, J. R. Metcalfe, R. W. Mungomery and R. Mathes). Elsevier, Amsterdam. 568 pp. Bleszynski S. (1969) The taxonomy of the crambine moth borers of sugar cane, pp. 11–59. In Pests of Sugarcane (Edited by J. R. Williams, J. R. Metcalfe, R. W. Mungomery and R. Mathes). Elsevier, Amsterdam. 568 pp. Bleszynski S. (1970) A revision of the world species of Chilo Zincken (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., Entomol. 25, 101–195. Botelho P. S. M. (1992) Quinze anos de controle biológico da Diatraea saccharalis utilizando parasitóides. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasiliera 27, 255–262. Box H. E. (1938) Observations on sugar-cane moth borers (Diatraea spp.) in St. Lucia—III. Castries, St. Lucia, B. W. I. 25 pp. Box H. E. (1949) Some considerations upon the dipterousparasites of the sugar cane moth borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.), Mem. Asoc. Tec. Azuc. Cuba 23, 17–27. Havana, Cuba. Caltagirone L. E. (1981) Landmark examples in classical biological control. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 26, 213–232. DeBach P. and Rosen D. (1991) Biological Control by Natural Enemies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 440 pp. Doutt R. L. (1959) The biology of parasitic Hymenoptera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 4, 161–182. Drooz A. T., Bustillo A. E., Fedde F. G. and Fedde V. H. (1977) North American egg parasite successfully controls a different host genus in South America. Science 197, 390–391. Freeland W. J. (1983) Parasites and the coexistence of animal host species. Am. Nat. 121, 223–236. Fuchs T. W., Huffman F. R. and Smith J. W., Jr. (1979) Introduction and establishment of Apanteles flavipes (Hym.: Braconidae) on Diatraea saccharalis (Lep.:Pyralidae) in Texas. Entomophaga 24, 109–114. Hall R. W., Ehler L. E. and Bisabri-Ershadi B. (1980) Rate of success in classical biological control of arthropods. Bull. Ent. Soc. Amer. 26, 111–114. Hokkanen H. M. T. (1990) New approaches in biological control, pp. 185–198. In CRC Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture, 2nd edition (Edited by D. Pimentel). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 325 pp. Hokkanen H. M. T. and Pimentel D. (1984) New approach for selecting biological control agents. Can. Entomol. 116, 1109–1121. Hokkanen H. M. T. and Pimentel D. (1989) New associations in biological control: Theory and practice. Can. Entomol. 121, 829–840. Huffaker C. B., Messenger P. S. and Debach P. (1971) The natural enemy component in natural control and the theory of biological control, pp. 16–67. In Biological Control (Edited by C. B. Huffaker). Plenum Press, New York. 511 pp. Knutson L., Sailer R. I., Murphy W. L., Carlson R. W. and Dogger J. R. (1990) Computerized data base of immigrant insects. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 83, 1–8. Laing J. E. and Hamai J. (1976) Biological control of insect pests and weeds by imported parasites, predators, and pathogens, pp. 685–743. In Theory and Practice of Biological Control (Edited by C. B. Huffaker and P. S. Messenger). Academic Press, New York. 788 pp. Lewis W. J., Vet L. E. M., Tumlinson J. H., van Lenteren J. C. and Papaj D. R. (1990) Variations in parasitoid foraging behavior: Essential element of a sound biological control theory. Environ. Entomol. 19, 1183–1193. Lockwood J. A. (1993) Environmental issues involved in biological control of rangeland grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) with exotic agents. Environ. Entomol. 22, 503–518. Mahadeo C. R. (1985) Present status of indigenous and imported parasites for the control of the sugarcane stem borer complex (Diatraea spp.) in Trinidad. Entomol. Newsl. 17, 7–8. Mason W. R. M. (1981) The polyphyletic nature of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): A phylogeny and reclassification of Microgastrinae. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 115. 147 pp. Mohyuddin A. I. (1990) Utilization of natural enemies for the control of insect pests of sugar-cane. Insect Sci. Applic. 12, 19–26. Mohyuddin A. I. and Greathead D. J. (1970) An annotated list of the parasites of graminaceous stem borers in East Africa, with a discussion of their potential in biological control. Entomophaga 15, 241–274. Myers J. G. (1932) The original habitat and hosts of three major sugarcane pests of tropical America (Diatraea, Castnia and Tomaspis). Bull. Entomol. Res. 13, 157–171. Ngi-Song A. J. (1995) Parasitization of selected African stemborers by Cotesia flavipes Cameron and Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with emphasis onhost selection and host suitability. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Ghana. 200 pp. Ngi-Song A., Overholt W. A. and Ayertey I. N. (1995) Suitability of African gramineous stemborers for development of Cotesia flavipes and Cotesia sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Environ. Entomol. 24, 978–984. Odum E. P. (1971) Fundamentals of Ecology. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia. 574 pp. Overholt W. A., Ngi-Song A. J., Kimani S. K., Mbapila J., Lammers P. and Kioko E. (1994) Ecological considerations of the introduction of Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for biological control of Chilopartellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Africa. Biocontr. News Info. 15, 19N–24N. Pimentel D. (1963) Introducing predators and parasites to control native pests. Can. Entomol. 95, 785–792. Potting R. P. J., Vet L. E. M. and Dicke M. (1995) Host microhabitat location by the stemborer parasitoid Cotesia flavipes: The role of locally and systemically induced plant volatiles. J. Chem Ecol. 21, 525–539. Read D. P., Feeny P. P. and Root R. B. (1970) Habitat selection by the aphid parasite Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and hyperparasite Charips brassicae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Can. Entomol. 102, 1567–1578. Rodriguez-del-Bosque L. A., Smith J. W., Jr. and Browning H. W. (1990) Feeding and pupation sites of Diatraea lineolata, D. saccharalis and Eoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in relation to corn phenology. J. Econ. Entomol. 83, 850–855. Salt G. (1935) Experimental studies in insect parasitism. III. Host selection. Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 117B, 414–435. Smith J. W., Jr., Wiedenmann R. N. and Overholt W. A. (1993) Parasites of Lepidopteran Stemborers of Tropical Gramineous Plants. ICIPE Science Press, Nairobi. 89 pp. Smith J. W., Jr., Wiedenmann R. N. (1997) Foraging strategies of stemborer parasites and the application to biological control. Insect Sci. Applic. 17, 37–49.(this issue). Stiling P. (1990) Calculating the establishment rates of parasitoids in classical biological control. Amer. Entomol. 36, 225–230. Strand M. R. and Pech L. L. (1995) Immunological basis for compatibility in parasitoid-host relationships. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 40, 31–56. Tumlinson J. H., Lewis W. J. and Vet L. E. M. (1993) How parasitic wasps find their hosts. Sci. American 266, 100–106. Turlings T. C. J., Tumlinson J. H., Eller F. J. and Lewis W. J. (1991) Larval-damaged plants: Source of volatile synomone that guide the parasite parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris to the micro-habitat of its hosts. Entomol. exp. Appl. 58, 75–82. Turlings T. C. J., Tumlinson J. H. and Lewis W. J. (1990) Exploitation of herbivore-induced plant odors by host-seeking parasitic wasps. Science 250, 1251–1253. U. S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (1993) Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States. OTA-F-565. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington. 391 pp. Vet L. E. M. and Dicke M. (1992) Ecology of infochemical use by natural enemies in a tritrophic context. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 37, 141–172. Vet L. E. M., Lewis W. J., Papaj D. R. and van Lenteren J. C. (1990) A variable-response model for parasitoid foraging behavior. J. Insect Behav. 3, 471–490. Vinson S. B. (1976) Host selection by insect parasitoids. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 21, 109–113. Vinson S. B. and Iwantsch G. F. (1980) Host regulation by insect parasitoids. Q. Rev. Biol. 55, 143–165. Waage J. K. (1990) Ecological theory and the selection of biological control agents, pp. 135–158. In Critical Issues in Biological Control (Edited by M. Mackauer, L. E. Ehler and J. Roland). Intercept Press, Andover, Hants, UK. 330 pp. Waage J. K. and Greathead D. J. (1988) Biological control: Challenges and opportunities. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 318, 111–126. Wiedenmann R. N. and Smith J. W., Jr. (1995) Parasitization of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by Cotesia chilonis and C. flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Environ. Entomol. 24, 950–961. Zwolfer H., Ghani M. A. and Rao V. P. (1976) Foreign exploration and importation of natural enemies, pp. 189–207. In Theory and Practice of Biological Control (Edited by C. B. Huffaker and P. S. Messenger). Academic Press, New York. 788 pp.