Northern Westerlies during the Last Glacial Maximum: Results from CMIP5 Simulations

Journal of Climate - Tập 31 Số 3 - Trang 1135-1153 - 2018
Na Wang1,2,3,4,5,6, Dabang Jiang1,7,3,4,5,6, Xianmei Lang1,2,8,4,5,6
1Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, and Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, and
2Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, and Joint Laboratory for Climate and Environmental Change at
3Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, and Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters,
4Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
5Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
6University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
7Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, and Joint Laboratory for Climate and Environmental Change at Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, and Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
8Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, and Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

Tóm tắt

Abstract Based upon simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), the vertical and regional characteristics of the northern westerlies during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are investigated in this study. At the Northern Hemispheric scale, all nine available models simulate a poleward shift of the 200-hPa jet, and eight models simulate an equatorward shift of the 850-hPa jet compared to the preindustrial period; these shifts are of approximately 2°–3° latitude for the arithmetic multimodel mean. The upper-tropospheric cooling in the tropics, possibly due to reduced latent heat release, is expected to account for the poleward shift of the 200-hPa jet through the thermal wind relationship. Changes in the midlatitude baroclinic instability in response to the amplified polar cooling are associated with the jet stream in the lower troposphere through anomalous eddy activity. In particular, the types of predominant baroclinic eddies are regionally dependent. The behavior of the 850-hPa jet over the North Pacific is steered by transient eddies and characterized by a southward displacement during the LGM. By contrast, the remarkable enhancement of the North Atlantic jet stream throughout the troposphere is associated with the notably increased stationary eddy momentum convergence, presumably due to the presence of the Laurentide ice sheet over North America. In comparison with the proxy records, although there is no observational evidence explicitly indicating changes of the upper-level northern westerlies, the simulated LGM 850-hPa westerly wind field is indirectly concordant with the reconstructed moisture conditions over the Mediterranean region and southwestern North America.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Archer, 2008, Historical trends in the jet streams, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08803, 10.1029/2008GL033614

Argus, 2014, The Antarctica component of postglacial rebound model ICE-6G_C (VM5a) based on GPS positioning, exposure age dating of ice thicknesses, and relative sea level histories, Geophys. J. Int., 198, 537, 10.1093/gji/ggu140

Ballantyne, 2005, Meta-analysis of tropical surface temperatures during the Last Glacial Maximum, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05712, 10.1029/2004GL021217

Barnes, 2013, Response of the midlatitude jets and of their variability to increased greenhouse gases in the CMIP5 models, J. Climate, 26, 7117, 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00536.1

Berger, 1978, Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary climatic changes, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2362, 10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2362:LTVODI>2.0.CO;2

Braconnot, 2007, Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum—Part 1: Experiments and large-scale features, Climate Past, 3, 261, 10.5194/cp-3-261-2007

Bush, 1998, The role of ocean–atmosphere interactions in tropical cooling during the last glacial maximum, Science, 279, 1341, 10.1126/science.279.5355.1341

Chavaillaz, 2013, Southern westerlies in LGM and future (RCP4.5) climates, Climate Past, 9, 517, 10.5194/cp-9-517-2013

Chen, G. , 2007: Mechanisms that control the latitude of jet streams and surface westerlies. Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 160 pp.

COHMAP Members, 1988, Climatic changes of the last 18,000 years: Observations and model simulations, Science, 241, 1043, 10.1126/science.241.4869.1043

Costas, 2016, Windiness spells in SW Europe since the Last Glacial Maximum, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 436, 82, 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.12.023

Farrera, 1999, Tropical climates at the Last Glacial Maximum: A new synthesis of terrestrial palaeoclimate data. I. Vegetation, lake-levels and geochemistry, Climate Dyn., 15, 823, 10.1007/s003820050317

Franzke, 2004, Is the North Atlantic Oscillation a breaking wave?, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 145, 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0145:ITNAOA>2.0.CO;2

Frierson, 2006, A gray-radiation aquaplanet moist GCM. Part I: Static stability and eddy scale, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2548, 10.1175/JAS3753.1

Fu, 2011, Poleward shift of subtropical jets inferred from satellite-observed lower-stratospheric temperatures, J. Climate, 24, 5597, 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00027.1

Fyfe, 2003, Extratropical Southern Hemisphere cyclones: Harbingers of climate change?, J. Climate, 16, 2802, 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2802:ESHCHO>2.0.CO;2

Hall, 1994, Storm tracks in a high-resolution GCM with doubled carbon dioxide, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 1209, 10.1002/qj.49712051905

Harrison, 1996, Late Quaternary lake-level record from northern Eurasia, Quat. Res., 45, 138, 10.1006/qres.1996.0016

Holton, 2012

Hotta, 2011, On the significance of the sensible heat supply from the ocean in the maintenance of the mean baroclinicity along storm tracks, J. Climate, 24, 3377, 10.1175/2010JCLI3910.1

Kalnay, 1996, The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437, 10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2

Kehrwald, 2010, Paleoclimatic implications of the spatial patterns of modern and LGM European land-snail shell δ18O, Quat. Res., 74, 166, 10.1016/j.yqres.2010.03.001

Kidston, 2010, Observations, simulations, and dynamics of jet stream variability and annular modes, J. Climate, 23, 6186, 10.1175/2010JCLI3235.1

Knox, 1984, Changes in atmospheric CO2: Influence of the marine biota at high latitude, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 4629, 10.1029/JD089iD03p04629

Laîné, 2009, Northern Hemisphere storm tracks during the Last Glacial Maximum in the PMIP2 ocean–atmosphere coupled models: Energetic study, seasonal cycle, precipitation, Climate Dyn., 32, 593, 10.1007/s00382-008-0391-9

Lee, 2003, The dynamical relationship between subtropical and eddy-driven jets, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1490, 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<1490:TDRBSA>2.0.CO;2

Li, 2013, Lake levels in Asia at the Last Glacial Maximum as indicators of hydrologic sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations, Quat. Sci. Rev., 60, 1, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.10.045

Lorenz, 2001, Eddy–zonal flow feedback in the Southern Hemisphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 3312, 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<3312:EZFFIT>2.0.CO;2

Lorenz, 2007, Tropopause height and zonal wind response to global warming in the IPCC scenario integrations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10119, 10.1029/2006JD008087

Ludwig, 2016, Regional atmospheric circulation over Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum and its links to precipitation, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 2130, 10.1002/2015JD024444

Lyle, 2012, Out of the tropics: The Pacific, Great Basin lakes, and late Pleistocene water cycle in the western United States, Science, 337, 1629, 10.1126/science.1218390

Maher, 2010, Global connections between aeolian dust, climate and ocean biogeochemistry at the present day and at the Last Glacial Maximum, Earth-Sci. Rev., 99, 61, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.12.001

Martin, 1990, Glacial–interglacial CO2 change: The iron hypothesis, Paleoceanography, 5, 1, 10.1029/PA005i001p00001

McCabe, 2001, Trends in Northern Hemisphere surface cyclone frequency and intensity, J. Climate, 14, 2763, 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2763:TINHSC>2.0.CO;2

Ono, 2004, Southern migration of westerlies in the Northern Hemisphere PEP II transect during the Last Glacial Maximum, Quat. Int., 118–119, 13, 10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00128-9

Oster, 2015, Steering of westerly storms over western North America at the Last Glacial Maximum, Nat. Geosci., 8, 201, 10.1038/ngeo2365

Peltier, 2015, Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 120, 450, 10.1002/2014JB011176

Pinot, 1999, Tropical paleoclimates at the Last Glacial Maximum: Comparison of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) simulations and paleodata, Climate Dyn., 15, 857, 10.1007/s003820050318

Polvani, 2011, Stratospheric ozone depletion: The main driver of twentieth-century atmospheric circulation changes in the Southern Hemisphere, J. Climate, 24, 795, 10.1175/2010JCLI3772.1

Pullen, 2011, Qaidam Basin and northern Tibetan Plateau as dust sources for the Chinese Loess Plateau and paleoclimatic implications, Geology, 39, 1031, 10.1130/G32296.1

Qin, 1998, Implications of lake level variations at 6 ka and 18 ka in mainland Asia, Global Planet. Change, 18, 59, 10.1016/S0921-8181(98)00036-8

Rivière, 2011, A dynamical interpretation of the poleward shift of the jet streams in global warming scenarios, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1253, 10.1175/2011JAS3641.1

Robinson, 2006, On the self-maintenance of midlatitude jets, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2109, 10.1175/JAS3732.1

Rojas, 2013, Sensitivity of Southern Hemisphere circulation to LGM and 4×CO2 climates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 965, 10.1002/grl.50195

Rojas, 2009, The southern westerlies during the Last Glacial Maximum in PMIP2 simulations, Climate Dyn., 32, 525, 10.1007/s00382-008-0421-7

Sarmiento, 1984, A new model for the role of the oceans in determining atmospheric PCO2, Nature, 308, 621, 10.1038/308621a0

Siegenthaler, 1984, Rapid atmospheric CO2 variations and ocean circulation, Nature, 308, 624, 10.1038/308624a0

Sime, 2013, Southern Hemisphere westerly wind changes during the Last Glacial Maximum: Model–data comparison, Quat. Sci. Rev., 64, 104, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.12.008

Sime, 2016, Sea ice led to poleward-shifted winds at the Last Glacial Maximum: The influence of state dependency on CMIP5 and PMIP3 models, Climate Past, 12, 2241, 10.5194/cp-12-2241-2016

Sun, 2001, Spatial and temporal characteristics of dust storms in China and its surrounding regions, 1960–1999: Relations to source area and climate, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10 325, 10.1029/2000JD900665

Tanaka, 2006, A numerical study of the contributions of dust source regions to the global dust budget, Global Planet. Change, 52, 88, 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.02.002

Taylor, 2012, An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 485, 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1

Thompson, 2000, Biomes of western North America at 18,000, 6000 and 0 14C yr BP reconstructed from pollen and packrat midden data, J. Biogeogr., 27, 555, 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00427.x

Toggweiler, 2006, Midlatitude westerlies, atmospheric CO2, and climate change during the ice age, Paleoceanography, 21, PA2005, 10.1029/2005PA001154

Vallis, 2006

Walker, 2006, Eddy influences on Hadley circulations: Simulations with an idealized GCM, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 3333, 10.1175/JAS3821.1

Williams, 2006, Ice age winds: An aquaplanet model, J. Climate, 19, 1706, 10.1175/JCLI3766.1

Woollings, 2008, A new Rossby wave–breaking interpretation of the North Atlantic Oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 609, 10.1175/2007JAS2347.1

Yin, 2005, A consistent poleward shift of the storm tracks in simulations of 21st century climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18701, 10.1029/2005GL023684

Yu, 2003, LGM lake records from China and an analysis of climate dynamics using a modelling approach, Global Planet. Change, 38, 223, 10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00257-6

Zhao, 2004, Modeling the tropical climate and the impact of the western Pacific sea surface temperature at the Last Glacial Maximum, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08105, 10.1029/2003JD004095

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Journal of Climate

Tập 31 Số 3

1135-1153

Thông tin tác giả