North Sea hydrodynamic modelling: a review

Arakawa, A. &Lamb, V. R. (1977): Computational design of the basic dynamical processes of the UCLA general circulation model. — Meth. computat. Phys.,16: 173–263.

Backhaus, J. O. (1984): Estimates of the variability of low frequency currents and flushing times of the North Sea. — ICES, C.M.1984/C:24: 17 pp.

Backhaus, J. O. &Hainbucher, D. (1987): A finite difference general circulation model for shelf seas and its application to low frequency variability on the north European Shelf. — In:Nihoul, J. C. J. &Jamart, B. M. [Eds.]: Three-dimensional models of marine and estuarine dynamics: 221–244; Amsterdam (Elsevier).

Backhaus, J. O. &Pohlmann, T. &Hainbucher, D. (1986): Regional aspects of the circulation on the North European shelf. — ICES, CM.,C:38: 17 pp.

Backhaus, J. O. &Harms, I. &Krause, M. (1991): A hypothesis concerning the space-time succession of calanus finmarchicus in the Northern North Sea. — ICES,L:79: 1–13.

Bailly du Bois, P. &Guéguéniat, P. &Gandon, R. &Léon, R. &Baron, Y. (1993): Percentage contribution of inputs from the Atlantic, Irish Sea, English Channel and baltic into the North Sea during 1988: A tracer-based evalution using artifical radionuclides. — Netherl. J. Sea Res.,21 (1): 1–17.

Bailly du Bois, P. &Salomon, J. C. &Gandon, R. &Guéguéniat, P. (1995): A quantitative estimate of English Channel water fluxes into the North Sea from 1987 to 1992 based on radiotracer distribution. — J. mar. Syst.,6: 457–481.

Balino, B. M. (1996): Eutrophication of the North Sea, 1980–1990: An evaluation of anthropogenic nutrient inputs using a 2D phytoplankton production model. — Ph.D. Thesis Univ. Bergen: 255 pp.; Bergen (Univ. Bergen).

Baptista, A. M. &Adam, E. E. &Gresho, P. (1995): Benchmarks for the transport equation: The Convection-Diffusion Forum and beyond. — In:Lynch, D. R. &Davies, A. M. [Eds.]: Quantitative Skill Assessment for Coastal Ocean Models. — Coastal and Estuarine Studies,47: 241–268; Washington D.C. (Amer. Geophys. Union).

Baretta, J. W. &Ebenhöh, W. &Ruardij, P. (1995): The European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model (ERSEM), a complex marine ecosystem model. — Netherl. J. Sea Res.,33 (3/4): 233–246.

Bartsch, J. (1993): Application of a circulation and transport model system to the dispersal of herring larve in the North Sea. — Continental Shelf Res.,13 (12): 1336–1361.

Bartsch, J. &Knust, R. (1994): Predicting the dispersion of sprat larvaeSprattus sprattus (L.) in the German Bight. — Fish. Oceanogr.,3 (4): 292–296.

Bauer, E. &Hasselmann, S. &Hasselmann, K. &Graber, H. C. (1992): Validation and assimilation of Seasat altimeter wave heights using WAM wave model. — J. geophys. Res.,97(C8)(12): 671–682.

Becker, G. A. &Frey, H. &Wegner, G. (1986): Atlas of North Sea surface temperature: weekly and monthly means for the period 1971–1980. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,17: 127.

Beckers, J. M. (1991): Application of the GHER 3D general circulation model to the Western Mediterranean. — J. mar. Syst.,1: 315–332.

Beddig, S. et al. (1997): Nitrogen fluxes in the German Bight. — Mar. Pollut. Bull.,34(6): 382–394.

Bengtsson, L. (1998): Numerical studies of the energy and water cycle of the baltic region. — 247 pp.; Hamburg (Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie).

Berg, A. J. van den &Ridderinkhof, H. &Riegman, R. &Ruardij, P. &Lenhart, H.-J. (1996a): Influence of variability in water transport on phytoplankton biomass and composition in the southern North Sea: A modelling approach (FYFY). — Continental Shelf Res.,16 (7): 907–931.

Berg, A. J. van den &Turner, S. M. &Duyl, F. C. van &Ruardij, P. (1996b): Model structure and analysis of dimethylsulphide (DMS) production in the southern North Sea, considering phytoplankton dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) lyase and eutrophication effects. — Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.,145: 233–244.

Blumberg, A. F. &Mellor, G. L. (1987): A description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean circulation model. — In:Heaps, S. [Ed.]: Three-dimensional coastal ocean models: 1–16; Washington D.C. (Amer. Geophys. Union).

Böhnecke, G. (1922): Salzgehalt und Strömungen der Nordsee. — Inst. Meeresk. Univ. Berlin N.F.A.,10: 1–34.

Boon, J. &Kaaij, T.van der &Vos, R. &Gerritsen, H. (1997): Modelling of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in the North Sea (PROMISE). — Rep. WL Delft Hydraulics, Z2025: 4lpp.

Breivik, L. A. &Reistad, M. &Schyberg, H. &Sunde, J. (1996): Application of ocean surface wind and wave informataion from ERS in atmosphere and ocean monitoring and numerical forecast models. — ESA: 61–64.

Brockmann, U. H. et al. (1984): JONSDAP’76 FLEX/INOUT ATLAS, Vol. 1. — ICES oceanographic data lists and inventories,63: 505 pp.

Burchard, H. &Baumert, H. (1995): On the performance of a mixed-layer model based on the k-e turbulence closure. — J. geophys. Res.,100 (C5): 8523–8540.

Burchard, H. &Bolding, K. &Villareal, M. R. (1999): GOTM, a General Ocean Turbulence Model. Theory, implementation and test cases. — Eur. Communities, EUR18745EN: 103pp.

Carbajal, N. (1993): Modelling of the circulation in the Gulf of California. — Ber. Zentr. Meeres- und Klimaforsch., Reihe B,3: 186.

Carruthers, J. N. (1925): The water increments in the southern North Sea Part 1. The surface drift. — Fish. Invest. London, Ser.2,8 (2): 119.

Crombie, D. D. (1955): Doppler spectrum of sea echo at 134.56 Mc/s. — Nature,175: 681–682.

Dahlmann, G. &Müller-Navarra, S. (1997): The source of oil pollution on the East Frisian Islands in October 1989 — an exemplary case. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,49 (1): 35–43.

Dam, G. C. van &Louwersheimer, R. A. (1990): A three-dimensional transport model for dissolved and suspended matter in estuaries and costal seas. Fifth International Biennial Conference Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas, Gregynog, Wales, 9–13 Juli 1990. — In:Prandle, D. [Ed.]: Dynamics and exchanges in estuaries and the coastal zone: 481–506; Washington D.C. (Coastal and Estuarine Studies A.G.U.).

Damm, P. E. (1989): Klimatologischer Atlas des Salzgehaltes, der Temperatur und der Dichte in der Nordsee, 1968–1985. — Tech. Rep.,6–89: 83 pp.; Hamburg (Institut für Meereskunde).

Damm, P. E. (1997): Die saisonale Salzgehalts- und Frischwasserverteilung in der Nordsee und ihre Bilanzierung. — Ber. Zentr. Meeres-und Klimaforsch., Reihe B,28: 259 pp.

Damm, P. E. &Zabanski, S. &Becker, G. (2001): Synthesis and new conception of North Sea Research (SYCON) — Working Group 1: Data inventory and documentation. — Ber. Zentr. Meeres- und Klimaforsch., Reihe Z,4: 128 pp.

Danielssen, D. S. er al. (1991): SKAGEX: Some preliminary results. — ICES, CM. 1991/C:2: 33 pp.

Danielssen, D. S. et al. (1997): Oceanographic variability in Skaggerak/Northern Kattegat, May–June 1990. — ICES J. mar. Sci.,54: 753–773.

Davies, A.G. et al. (1992): The ecology of a coastal Phaeocystis bloom in the north-western English Channel in 1990. — J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K.,72: 691–708.

Deleersnijder, E. &Norro, A. &Wolanski, E. (1992): A three-dimensional model of the water circulation around an island in shallow water. — Continental Shelf Res.,12 (7/8): 891–906.

Delhez, E. J. M. (1998): Macroscale ecohydrodynamic modelling on the northwest European Continental Shelf. — J. mar. Syst.,16: 171–190.

Delhez, E. J. M. &Martin, G. P. (1992): Premilinary results of 3D baroclinic numerical models of the mesoscale and macroscale circulation on the North-Western European Continental Shelf. — J. mar. Syst.,3: 462–467.

Dick, S. &Schönfeld, W. (1996): Water transport and mixing in the North Frisian Wadden Sea — results of numerical investigations. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,48 (1): 27–48.

Dick, S. &Mittelstaedt, E. &Müller-Navarra, S. (1992): Der küstennahe Gezeitenstrom in der Deutschen Bucht. — BSH Nr.2348: 1–29; Hamburg (Bundesamt für Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie).

Dick, S. &Müller-Navarra, S. &Kleine, E. (1993): Das operationeile Modellsystem des BSH — Gegenwärtiger Stand und zukünftige Entwicklung. — Mitt. dt. meteor. Ges.,H.3: 6–13.

Dickson, R. R. &Meincke, J. &Malmberg, S. A. &Lee, A. (1988): The “Great Salinity Anomaly” in the Northern North Atlantic1968–1982. — Progr. Oceanogr.,20: 103–151.

Dietrich, G. (1950): Die natürlichen Regionen der Nord- und Ostsee auf hydrographischer Grundlage. — Kieler Meeresforsch.,7 (H.2): 35–69.

Dietrich, G. (1954): Einfluss der Gezeitenstromturbulenz auf die hydrographische Schichtung der Nordsee. — Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklimatol.,A7: 391–405.

Dippner, J. W. (1995): Untersuchungen transienter Wirbelstrukturen in der Deutschen Bucht. — Ber. Zentr. Meeres- und Klimaforsch., Reihe B: Ozeanogr.,18: 1–101.

Dooley, H. D. (1974): Hypotheses concerning the circulation of the northern North Sea. — J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer,36: 54–61.

Edinger, J. E. &Duttweiler, D. W. &Geyze, J. C. (1968): The response of water temperatures to meteorological conditions. — Wat. Resources Res.,4: 1137–1145.

Eigenheer, A. (1994): Simulation der Plankton-Dynamik in der nördlichen Nordsee während FLEX ’76 mit dem Modell von Fasham, Ducklow & McKelvie (1990). — Ber. Zentr. Meeresund Klimaforsch., Reihe B,13: 98 pp.

Eigenheer, A. &Dahlin, H. (1998): Quality assessment of the high resolution operational model of the Baltic Sea, HIROMB. — ICES CM,Q (4): 13.

Evensen, G. (1994): Sequential data assimilation with a non-linear quasi-geostrophic model using Monte Carlo methods to forecast error statistics. — J. geophys. Res.,99 (C5): 143–162.

Folland, C. K. &Parker, D. E. (1995): Correction of instrumental biases in historical sea surface temperature. — Quart. J. roy. meteor. Soc.,121: 319–367.

Franz, H. &Klein, H. (1986): Some results of a diffusion experiment at a river plume front. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,39: 91–112.

Fraser, J. H. (1965): Zooplankton indicator species in the North Sea, Serial Atlas of the Marine Enviroment. — Folio 8; New York (Amer. Geograph. Soc.).

Frey, H. (1990): Stratification during periods of oxygen deficiency in the German Bight during the summers from 1981 to 1983: a comparison with the long-term variation in stratification. — Meeresforsch.,32: 306–328.

Frey, H. (1991): A three-dimensional, baroclinic shelf sea circulation model-1.The turbulence closure scheme and the one-dimensional test model. — Continental Shelf Res.,11 (4): 365–395.

Friedrich, H. (1983): Simulation of the thermal stratification at the FLEX central station with a one-dimensional integral model. — In:Sündermann J. &Lenz, W. [Eds.]: North Sea Dynamics: 396–411; Berlin (Springer).

Galperin, B. &Kantha, L. H. &Hassid, S. &Rosati, A. (1988): A quasi-equilibrium turbulent energy model for geophysical flows. — J. Atmos. Sci.,45: 55–62.

Georges, T. M. &Harlan, J. A. &Lematta, R. A. (1996): Large-scale mapping of ocean surface currents with dual over-the-horizon radars. — Nature,379: 434–436.

Gerritsen, J. &Strickler, J. R. (1977): Encounter probabilities and community structure in zooplankton: a mathematical model. — Can. J, Fish. Res.,34: 73–82.

Goedecke, E. &Smed, J. &Tomczak, G. (1967): Monatskarten des Salzgehaltes der Nordsee dargestellt für verschiedene Tiefenhorizonte. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,B (9): 110 pp.

Greatbatch, R. J. &Mellor, G. L. (1999): An Overview of Coastal Ocean Models. — In:Hooers, N. K. [Ed.]: Coastal Ocean Prediction. Coastal and Estuarine Studies: 31–57; Washington D.C. (Amer. Geophys. Union).

Grégoire, M. &Beckers, J. M. &Nihoul, J. M. J. &Stanev, E. (1998): Reconnaissance of themain Black Sea’s ecohydrodynamics by means of a 3D interdisciplinary model. — J. mar. Syst.,16 (1/2): 69–83.

Griffiths, R. W. &Lindon, P. F. (1981): The stability of vortices in a rotating, stratified fluid. — J. Fluid Mech.,105: 283–316.

Gurgel, K.-W. &Essen, H.-H. &Schlick, T. (1999): Tracking of fresh-water plumes in Dutch coastal waters by means of HF radar. — IGARSS,99: 2548–2550.

Gurgel, K.-W. &Antonischki, G. (1997): Measurement of Surface Current Fields with High Spatial Resolution by the HF Radar WERA. — IGARSS,97: 1820–1822.

Hackett, B. &Roed, L. P. &Gjevik, B. &Martinsen, E. A. &Eide, L. G. (1995): A Review of the MetOcean Modelling Project (MG-MOP), Part 2: Validation Study. — In:Lynch, D. R. &Davies, A. M. [Eds.]: Quantitative Skill Assessment for Coastal Ocean Models. — Coastal Estuarine Series (AGU),47: 307–327.

Hackett, B. &Roed, L. P. (1994): Numerical modelling of the Halten Bank area: a validation study. — Tellus,46A: 113–133.

Haidvogel, D. B. &Beckmann, A. (1998): Numerical models of the coastal ocean. — In:Brink, K. H. &Robinson, A. R. [Eds.]: The Sea: 457–482; New York (Whiley & Sons).

Hainbucher, D. &Pohlmann, T. &Backhaus, J. O. (1987): Transport of conservative passive tracers in the North Sea: first results of a circulation and transport model. — Continental Shelf Res., 7 (10): 1161–1179.

Hall, J. &Smith, S. V. &Boudreau, P. R. (1996): Report on the international workshop on continental shelf fluxes of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. — LOICZ Rep. Stud.,10: 50.

Heath, M.R. &Robertson, W. &Mardaljevic, J. &Gurney, W.S.G. (1997): Modelling the population dynamics of Calanus in the Fair Isle Current off northern Scotland. — J. Sea Res.,38: 381–412.

Henderson, E. W. &Steele, J. H. (1994): Shelf plankton models: I. Vertical structure. — 57 pp.; Woods Hole (Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst.).

Hoch, T. &Garreau, P. (1998): Phytoplankton dynamics in the English Channel: a simplified three-dimensional approach. — J. mar. Syst.,16: 133–150.

Howarth, M. J. et al. (1994): Seasonal cycles and their spatial variability. — In:Charnock, H. et al. [Eds.]: Understanding the North Sea System: 5–25; London (Chapman & Hall).

Huang, D. (1995): Modelling studies of barotropic and baroclinic dynamics in the Bohai Sea. — Ber. Zentr. Meeres- und Klimaforsch., Reihe B,17: 126 pp.

Huber, K. &Kleine, E. &Lass, H.-U. &Matthäus, W. (1994): The Major Baltic Inflow in January 1993 — Meassurements and Modelling Results. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,46 (2): 103–114.

Huber, K. &Dick, S. (1998): Der Apron Plus-Unfall. — In: Landesamt Nat.-Park Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wattenmeer & Umweltbundesamt [Eds.]: Umweltatlas Wattenmeer — Band I. — 208–209; Stuttgart (Ulmer).

ICES (1983): Flushing times of the North Sea. — ICES Coop. Res. Rep.,123: 125 pp.

ICES (1992): Manual for the ITBS, Review IV — ICES CM., 1992/H:3: 47 pp.

Ikeda, M. &Dobson, F. W. (1995): Oceanographic Applications of Remore Sensing. — 487 pp.; Boca Raton (CRC Press).

Isemer, H.-J. &Hasse, L. (1985): The bunker climate atlas of the north Atlantic Ocean: Observations. — Vol.1: 218 pp.; Berlin (Springer).

James, I. D. (1986): A front resolving sigma coordinate sea model with a simple hybrid advection scheme. — Appl. Math. Modelling,10 (2): 87–92.

James, I. D. (1989): A three-dimensional model of circulation in a frontal region of the North Sea. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,42: 231–247.

James, I.D. (1996): Advection schemes for shallow sea models. — J. mar. Syst.,8 (3–4): 237–254.

Janssen, F. &Schrum, C. &Backhaus, J. O. (1999): A climatological data set of temperature and salinity for the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. — Dt. hydrogr. Z., Suppl.,9: 245.

Jenkins, A. D. &Evensen, G. &Bjørgo, E. &Espedahl, H. &Korsbakken, E. &Kloster, K. &Hamre, T &Jensen, V. &Samuel, P. &Durand, D. &Gómez Lahoz, M. &Carretero, J. C. &Valk, C.de &Mastenbroek, C. &Vos, R. J. &Gerritsen, H. &Brummelhuis, P. G. J.Ten (1997): Remote sensing applied to operational Models. — Proudman Oceanogr. Labor. Rep.,49: 55 pp.

Joseph, J. &Sendner, H. &Weidemann, H. (1964): Untersuchungen über die horizontale Diffusion in der Nordsee. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,2: 57–75.

Kautsky, H. (1976): The Caesium 137 content in the water of the North Sea during the years 1969 to 1975. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,29: 217–221.

Kautsky, H. (1985): Distribution and content of different artifical radio nuclides in the water of the North Sea during the year 1977 to 1981. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,38: 193–224.

Keeling, C. D. &Bolin, B. (1967): The simultaneous use of chemical tracers in oceanic studies. — Tellus,19 (4): 566–581.

Kioerboe, T. (1993): Turbulence, phytoplankton cell size, and the structure of pelagic food webs. — Adv. Mar. Biol.,29: 1–72.

Kioerboe, T. &Saiz, E. (1995): Planktivorous feeding in calm and turbulent environments, with emphasis on copepods. — Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.,122: 135–145.

Kochergin, V. P. (1987): Three-dimensional prognostic models. — In:Heaps, N. S. [Ed.]: Three-dimensional coastal ocean models: 201–208; Washington D.C. (Amer. Geophys. Union).

Kok, J.M. de (1993): Forward Semi-Langrangian Methods — The Second Moment Method. — In:Vreugdenhil, C. &Koren, B. [Eds.]: Numerical Methods for Advection — Diffusion Problems: 373 pp.; Braunschweig (Vieweg).

Kok, J. M. de (1996): A two-layer model of the Rhine plume. — J. mar. Syst.,8: 269–284.

Kok, J. M. de (1997): Baroclinic eddy formation in a Rhine plume model. — J. mar. Syst.,12: 35–52.

Krell, U. &Schlünzen, K. H. (2001): Synthesis and new conception of North Sea Research (SYCON)-Working Group 4: Atmospheric parameters. — Ber. Zentr. Meeres- und Klimaforsch., Reihe Z,6: 159 pp.

Kühn, W. (1994): Ein eindimensionales physikalisch-biologisches Modell des pelagischen Stickstoffkreislaufs. Anwendungsfall: Frühjahrsblüte in der nördlichen Nordsee (FLEX ’76). — Ber. Zentr. Meeres- und Klimaforsch.; Reihe B,14: 66.

Kühn, W. &Radach, G. &Kersten, M. (1992): Cadmium in the North Sea — a mass balance. — J. mar. Syst.,3: 209–224.

Laevastu, T. (1963): Surface Water Types of the North Sea and their Characteristics, Serial Atlas of the Marine Environment. — Folio 4; New York (Amer. Geograph. Soc.).

Lagadeuc, Y. &Boule, M. &Dodsen, J. (1997): Effect of vertical mixing on the vertical distribution of copepods in coastal waters. — J. Plankton Res.,19: 1183–1204.

Langenberg, H. (1996): Zur Dynamik haliner Fronten und ihrer Instabilitäten in der Nordsee. — Ph.D. Thesis Univ Hamburg: 130 pp.; Hamburg (Universität Hamburg).

Langenberg, H. &Pfizenmayer, A. &Storch, H. von &Sündermann, J. (1999): Storm-related sea level variations along the North Sea coast: natural variability and anthropogenic change. — Continental Shelf Res.,19: 821–842.

Lazure, P. &Jegou, A. M. (1998): 3D modelling of seasonal evolution of Loire and Gironde plumes on Biscay Bay continental shelf. — Oceanologica Acta,21 (2): 165–177.

Le Meur, D. &Roquet, H. &Lefevre, J.-M. (1996): Use of ERS wind and wave data for numerical wave modelling at Meteo-France. — ESA SP-383: 53–56; Nordwijk (ESA Publ. Dev.)

Lee, A. J. (1980): North Sea: Physical Oceanography. — In:Banner, F. T. &Collins, M. B. &Massie, K. S. [Eds.]: The North-West European Shelf Seas: The Sea Bed and the Sea in Motion II: 467–493; Amsterdam (Elsevier).

Lee, A. J. &Ramster, J. W. (1968): The hydrography of the North Sea. — Helgoländer Meeresunters.,17: 44–63.

Lenhart, H.-J. &Pätsch, J. (2001): Daily nutrient loads for the European continental rivers for the years 1977–1998. — Ber. Zentr. Meeres-und Klimaforsch., Reihe B,40: 146.

Lenhart, H.-J. &Pohlmann, T. (1997): The ICES-boxes approach in relation to results of a North Sea circulation model. — Tellus,49A(1): 139–160.

Lenhart, H.-J. &Radach, G. &Backhaus, J. O. &Pohlmann, T. (1995): Simulations of the North Sea circulation, its variability, and its implementation as hydrodynamical forcing in ERSEM. — Netherl. J. Sea Res.,33 (3/4): 271–299.

Leonard, K. S. (1991): The ultimate conservative difference scheme applied to unsteady one-dimensional advection. — Comp. Meth. appl. Mech. Eng.,88: 17–74.

Leonard, K. S. &Mc Cubbin, D. &Brown, J. &Bonpield, R. &Brooks, T. (1997): Distribution of Technetium-99 in UK Coastal Waters. — Mar. Pollut. Bull.,34 (8): 628–636.

Lipa, B.J. &Barrick, D. E. (1986): Tidal and storm-serge measurements with single-site CODAR. — J. ocean. Engng.,OE-11 (2): 241–245.

Luthardt, H. (1987): Analyse der wassernahen Druck- und Windfelder über der Nordsee aus Routinebeobachtungen. — Hamburger Geophys. Einzelschr., 83: 115 pp.

Luyten, P. J. &Deleersnijder, E. &Ozer, J. &Ruddick, K. G. (1996): Presentation of a family of turbulence closure models for stratified shallow water flows and preliminary application to the Rhine outflow region. — Continental Shelf Res.,16 (1): 101–130.

Lyzenga, D. R. (1991): Synthetic aperature radar images of ocean circulation features and wind fronts. — J. geophys. Res.,96 (10): 411–422.

MacKenzie, B. &Miller, T. &Cyr, S. &Legget, W. (1994): Evidence of dome shaped relationship between turbulence and larval fish ingestion rates. — Limnol. Oceanogr.,39: 1790–1799.

Martinsen, E.A. &Slordal, L.H. &Engedahl, H. (1990): MetOcean Modelling Project (MOMOP), Phase 2. — Data Rep. Joint Presentation of the Test Cases,87: 96 pp.; Oslo (Norwegian Meteo. Inst.).

Mellor, G.L. (1989): Retrospect on oceanic boundary layer modeling and second moment closure. — In:Müller, P. &Henderson, D. [Eds.]: Parametrization of Small-Scale Processes. — Proc Hawaiian Winter Workshop Jan 18–20: 251–272.

Mellor, G. L. &Yamada, T. (1974): A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers. — J. atmosph. Sci.,31 (7): 1791–1806.

Michaelsen, K. &Krell, U. &Reinhardt, V. &Grassl, H. &Kaufeld, L. (1998): Climate of the North Sea. — Einzelveröff.,118; Hamburg (DWD/ZMK).

Moll, A. (1997): Modelling primary production in the North Sea. — Oceanogr.,10 (1): 24–26.

Moll, A. (1998): Regional distribution of primary production in the North Sea simulated by a three-dimensional model. — J. mar. Syst.,16(1–2): 151–170.

Moll, A. &Radach, G. (1990): ZISCH Parameter Report. Compilation of measurements from two interdisciplinary STAR-shaped surveys in the North Sea (Vol. I: Graphic Reps.). Tech. Reps. Inst, für Meereskunde Univ. Hamburg,90–6: 389 pp.

Moll, A. &Radach, G. (1998): Advective contributions to the heat balance of the German Bight (LV Elbe 1) and the central North Sea (OWS Famita). — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,50 (1): 9–31.

Müller-Navarra, S. H. &Ladwig, N. (1997): Über Wassertemperaturen an deutschen Küsten. — Die Küste,59: 1–26.

Munk, W. H. &Anderson, E. R. (1948): Note on the theory of the thermocline. — J. mar. Res.,7: 276–295.

Nelissen, P. H. M. &Steffels, J. (1988): Eutrophication in the North Sea. — NIOZ Rapp.,1988 (4): 100.

Nihoul, J.C.J, et al. (1992): Three-dimensional general circulation model of the Northern Bering Sea’s summer ecohydrodynamics. — Continental Shelf Res.,13: 509–542.

NSTFNorth Sea Task Force (1993): North Sea Quality Status Rep. 1993: 132 pp.

Oberhuber, J. M. (1988): An atlas based on the “COADS” data set: the budgets of heat, buoyancy and turbulent kinetic energy at the surface of the global ocean. — Tech. Rep. Max Planck-Inst. Meteorol.,15: 100 pp.

O’Connor, W.P. (1991): A Users Manual for the Princeton Numerical Ocean Model. — Tech. Rep., MS 39529-5005: 69 pp.; South Mississippi (Inst. Naval Oceanogr., Stennis Space Center).

Oeresundsbron (2000): The Fixed Link across Oeresund — Main documentation report on achievement of the zero-solution. — (Oeresundkonsortiet).

Osborn, T. (1996): The role of turbulent diffusion for copepods with feeding currents. — J. Plankton Res.,18 (2): 185–195.

OSPAR (1998a): Report of the ASMO Workshop on the use of models in enviroments in the shipping and offshore industries. — OSPAR Comm.,96: 75 pp.; The Hague (OSPAR Comm.).

OSPAR (1998b): Report of the ASMO Modelling Workshop on Eutrophication Issues, 5–8 November 1996. — OSPAR Comm.,102: 92 pp.; The Hague (OSPAR Comm.).

OSPAR (1998c): Report of the ASMO Workshop on Modelling Transport and Fate of Contaminants. — OSPAR Comm.,108: 86 pp.; The Hague (OSPAR Comm.).

Otto, L. et al. (1990): Review of the physical oceanography of the North Sea. — Netherl. J. Sea Res.,26 (2–4): 161–238.

Pätsch, J. (1994): MOCADOB a model generating synthetical time series of solar radiation for the Noth Sea. — Ber. Zentr. Meeres-und Klimaforsch., Reihe B,16: 67 pp.

Pätsch, J. &Radach, G. (1997): Long-term simulation of the eutrophication of the North Sea: Temporal development of nutrients, chlorophyll and primary production in comparison to observations. — J. Sea Res.,38: 275–310.

Pohlmann, T. (1987): A Three Dimensional Circulation Model of the South China Sea. — In:Nihoul, J. &Jamart, B. [Eds.]: Three Dimensional Models of Marine and Estuarine Dynamics: 245–268; Amsterdam (Elsevier).

Pohlmann, T. (1996): Calculating the development of the thermal vertical stratification in the North Sea with a three-dimensional baroclinic circulation model. — Continental Shelf Res.,16 (2): 163–194.

Pohlmann, T. (1997): Estimating the influence of advection during FLEX’76 by means of a three-dimensional shelf sea circulation model. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,49 (2/3): 215–226.

Pohlmann, T. &Backhaus, J. O. &Hainbucher, D. (1988): Validation of a Three-Dimensional Dispersion Model for CS137 in the North European Shelf Sea. — ICES Coop. Res. Rep.,156: 54–66.

Prandle, D. (1991): A new view of near-shore dynamics based on HF radar. — Progr. Oceanogr.,27: 403–438.

Prandle, G. (1984): A model study of the mixing of 37Cs in the seas of the european continental shelf. — Phil. Trans, roy. Soc. London,A310: 407–436.

Proctor, R. (2002): NOMADS — North Sea Advection Dispersion Study 2: Assessment of model variability. — Final Rep. POL Internal Doc,144: 235.

Proctor, R. &James, I. (1996): A fine-resolution 3D model of the Southern North Sea. — J. mar. Syst.,8 (3–4): 285–295.

Puls, W. &Sündermann, J. (1990): Simulation of suspended sediment dispersion in the North Sea. — In:Cheng, R. T. [Ed.]: Coastal and Estuarine Studies: 356–372; New York (Springer).

Puls, W. &Pohlmann, T. &Sündermann, J. (1997): Suspended particulate matter in the southern North Sea: model results to complement measured data of the NERC North Sea Project. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,49 (2/3): 307–327.

Radach, G. (1983): Simulation of phytoplankton dynamics and their interactions with other system components during FLEX’76. — In:Sündermann, J. &Lenz, W. [Eds.]: North Sea Dynamics: 584–610; Berlin (Springer).

Radach, G. &Gekeler, J. (1996): Annual cycles of horizontal distributions of temperature and salinity, and of concentrations of nutrients, suspended particulate matter and chlorophyll on the Northwest European shelf. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,48 (3/4): 261–297.

Radach, G. &Lenhart, H.-J. (1995): Nutrient dynamics in the North Sea: Fluxes and budgets in the water column derived from ERSEM. Netherl. — J. Sea Res.,33 (3–4): 301–335.

Radach, G. &Schönfeld, W. &Lenhart, H.-J. (1990): Nährstoffe in der Nordsee — Eutrophierung, Hypertrophierung und deren Auswirkungen. — In:Lozan, J. &Lenz, W. &Rachor, E. &Watermann, B. &Westernhagen, H. von [Eds.]: Warnsignale aus der Nordsee — Wissenschaftliche Fakten: 48–65; Berlin (Parey).

Radach, G. &Regener, M. &Carlotti, F. &Kühn, W. &Moll, A. (1993): Modelling water column processes in the North Sea. — Philos. Trans, roy. Soc. London. Ser. A: Phys. Sci. Engng.,343: 509–517.

Ramster, J. W. &Koltermann, K. P. (1976): Report of the Working Group on permanent moored current-meter stations in the Noth Sea. — ICES Coop. Res. Rep.,53.

Rasmussen, E. B., Vested, H.J., Justesen, P. &Ekebjaerg, L. C. (1990): SYSTEM 3: A Three Dimensional Hydrodynamical Model. — Tech. Rep.: 156 pp.; Hoersholm (Dan. Hydraulic Inst.).

Rasmussen, E. B. (1993): Three-dimensional models. — In:Abbott, M. B. &Price W. A. [Eds.]: Coastal, Estuarial and Hatbour Engineer’s Reference Book: 109–116; London (Chapman & Hall).

Reid, P.C. (1978): Continuous plankton records: large scale changes in the abundance of phytoplankton in the North Sea from 1958–1973. — Rapp. Proc-verb. Reun. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer,172: 384–389.

Reid, P. C. &Taylor, A. H. &Stephens, J. A. (1988): The hydrography and hydrographie balances of the North Sea. — In:Salomons, W. &Bayne, B. L. &Duursma, E. K. &Förstner, U. [Eds.]: Pollution of the North Sea — An assessment: 3–19; Berlin (Springer).

Reistad, M. &Iden, K. (1998): Updating, correction and evaluation of a hindcast data base of air pressure, wind and waves for the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea. —9: 42 pp.; Oslo (Norwegian Meteo. Inst.).

Riepma, H. W (1980): Residual currents in the North Sea during the INOUT phase of JONSDAP ’76. — Meteor-Forschungsergebnisse, Reihe A,22: 19–32; Berlin, Stuttgart.

Rodi, W. (1980): Turbulence models and their application in hydraulics. — Tech. Rep.: 104 pp.; Delft (Int. Assoc. Hydraulic Res.).

Roed, L. P. (1996): Modelling mesoscale features in the ocean. — In:Grue, J. &Gjevik, B. &Weber, J. E. [Eds.]: Waves and Nonlinear Processes in Hydrodynamics: 383–396; Amsterdam (Kluwer).

Rufenach, C. L. &Alpers, W. R. (1978): Measurement of ocean wave heights using the GEOS 3 altimeter. — J. geophys. Res.,83: 5011–5018.

Samuel, P. &Johannessen, J. A. &Johannessen, O. M. (1994): A study on the inflow of Atlantic water to the GIN Sea using GEOSAT altimeter data, The Polar Ocean and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment. — Amer. Geophys. Union,85: 95–108.

Sarmiento, J. L. (1983): A simulation of bomb tritium entry into the Atlantic Ocean. — J. phys. Oceanogr.,13: 1924–1939.

Schott, F. (1996): Der Oberflächensalzgehalt in der Nordsee. — Dt. hydrogr. Z., ErgänzungsheftA (9): 1–58.

Schrum, C. (1994): Numerische Simulation thermodynamischer Prozesse in der Deutschen Bucht. — Dissertation,190: 175 pp.; Thess. Univ. Hamburg (Univ. Hamburg).

Schrum, C. (1997): Thermohaline stratification and instabilities at tidal mixing fronts: resutls of an eddy resolving model for the German Bight. — Continental Shelf Res.,17 (6): 689–716.

Schrum, C. &Backhaus, J. O. (1999): Sensitvity of atmosphere — ocean heat exchange and heat content in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. — Tellus,51(A): 526–549.

Schrum, C. &Janssen, F. &Hübner, U. (2000): Recent climate modelling in North Sea and Baltic Sea. — Ber. Zentr. Meeres-und Klimaforsch., Reihe B,37: 60.

Siegismund, F. &Schrum, C. (2000): Decadal changes in the wind forcing over the North Sea. — Climate Res,18 (1/2): 39–45.

Simpson, J. H. &Crawford, W. R. &Rippeth, T. P. &Campbell, A. R. &Cheok, J. V. S. (1996): The vertical structure of turbulent dissipation in shelf seas. — J. phys. Oceanogr.,26 (8): 1579–1590.

Skogen, M. D. &Svendsen, E. &Berntsen, J. &Aksnes, D. L. &Ulvestad, K. B., (1995): Modeling the primary production in the North Sea using a coupled three-dimensional physical-chemical-biological ocean model. — Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci.,41: 545–565.

Slordal, L. H. &Martinsen, E. A. &Engedahl, H. (1990): MetOcean Modeling Project (MOMOP), Phase 2; Sensitivity Tests and Pre-operational Simulations. — Final Rep.: 88 pp.; Oslo (Norwegian Meteo. Inst.).

Smagorinsky, J. (1963): General circulation experiments with the primitive equations. I. The basic experiment. — Month. Weather Rev.,91: 99–164.

Smed, J. (1983): History of international North Sea research (ICES). — In:Sündermann, J. &Lenz, W. [Eds.]: North Sea Dynamics: 1–25; Berlin (Springer).

Smith, J. A. &Damm, P. E. &Skogen, M. D. &Patsch, J. (1996): An Investigation into the Variability of Circulation and Transport on the North-West European Shelf Using Three Hydrodynamics Models. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,48 (3/4): 325–348.

Soetje, K. C. &Huber, K. (1980): A compilation of data on the thermal stratification at the central station in the northern North Sea during FLEX ’76. — Meteor-Forschungsergebn.,A 22: 69–77.

Souza, A. J. &Simpson, J. H. &Schirmer, F. (1997): Current structure in the Rhine region of freshwater influence. — J. mar. Res.,55: 277–292.

Stowe, K. (1983): Ocean Sience. — 673 pp.; New York (Wiley & Sons).

Suijlen, J. M. (1987): Dispersion of the sulphorhodamine B release at Basel (Sandoz calamity) in the Dutch coastal zone and Lake IJssel in the period 8 November 1986 to 23 February 1987. — Den Haag (Tidal Water Division, Rijkswaterstaat).

Sündermann, J. (1994): Introduction to the interdisciplinary research project Zirkulation und Schadstoffumsatz in der Nordsee (ZISCH) (Circulation and Contaminant Fluxes in the North Sea) 1984–1989. — In:Sündermann, J. [Ed.]: Circulation and Contaminant Fluxes in the North Sea: 1–10; Berlin (Springer).

Sündermann, J. et al. (1996): Decadal Variability on the Northwest European Shelf. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,48 (3/4): 365–400.

Sündermann, J. &Beddig, S. &Kröncke, I. &Radach, G. &Schlünzen, K. H. (2001): Synthesis and new conception of North Sea Research (SYCON). — The changing North Sea: Knowledge, speculation and new challenges — Zentr. Meeres-und Klimaforsch., Reihe Z.,3: 358 pp.

Svendsen, E. &Berntsen, J. &Skogen, M. D. &Adlandsvik, B. &Martinsen, E., (1996): Model simulation of the Skagerrak circulation and hydrography during SKAGEX. — J. mar. Syst.,8 (3–4): 219–236.

Sydow, J. S. &Laane, R. W. E M. &Vries, A.de &Groeneveld, G. &Bennekom, A. J.van (1990): Fluxes of nutrients (P, N, Si) through the Strait of Dover into the North Sea. — Internal Rep. RWS/DGW: 1–19.

Tait, J. B. (1930): The surface water drift in the northern and middle areas of the North Sea and in the Faroe-Shetland Channel, Part I: A preliminary report upon the results of the Scottish experiments with surface floating bottles 1910–1914. — Sci. Invest. Fish. Board Scot.,2;4: 82 pp.; 56 pp.

Tait, J. B. (1937): The surface water drift in the northern and middle areas of the North Sea. — Sci. Invest. Fish. Board Scot.,1: 60 pp.

Tartinville, B. et al. (1998): A coastal model intercompariosn study foa a three-dimensional idealized test case. — Appl. math. Modelling,22: 165–182.

Taylor, A. H. &Reid, P. C. &Marsh, T J. &Jonas, T. D. &Stephens, J. A. (1981): Year-to-year changes in the salinity of the eastern English Channel, 1948–1973: A budget. — J. mar. biol. Ass. UK,61: 489–507.

Theobald, N. &Dahlmann, G. &Dick, S. (1992): Verschmutzung durch alkylierte Phenole in der Deutschen Bucht. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,44 (5/6): 345–360.

Tomczak, G. &Goedecke, E. (1962): Monatskarten der Temperatur der Nordsee dargestellt für verschiedene Tiefenhorizonte. — Dt. hydrogr. Z., Erg.-H., ReiheB, 7: 1–112.

Vested, H. J. &Jensen, H. R. &Petersen, H. M. &Jyrgensen, A. M. &Machenhauer, B. (1992): An operational hydrographie warning system for the North Sea and the Danish Belts. — Continental Shelf Res.,12 (1): 65–82.

Visser, A. M. &Souza, A. &Hessner, K. &Simpson, J. H. (1994): The effect of stratification on tidal current profiles in a region of freshwater influence. — Oceanologica acta,17 (4): 369–381.

Visser, M. et al. (1996): Time series analysis of monthly mean data of temperature, salinity, nutrients, suspended matter, phyto- and zooplankton at eight locations on the Northwest European shelf. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.,48 (3/4): 299–323.

Werner, F. E. (1995): A field test case for tidally forced flows: A review of the Tidal Flow Forum. — In:Lynch, D. R. &Davtes, A. M. [Eds.]: Quantitative Skill Assessment for Coastal Ocean Models. — Coastal Estuarine Series (AGU),47: 269–283.

Williams, J. A. (1996): Blooms of Mesodinium rubrum in Southampton Water — do they shape mesozooplankton distribution. — J. Plankton Res.,18: 1685–1697.

Wolf, K. U. &Woods, J. D. (1988): Lagrangian simulation of primary production in the physical environment — the deep chlorophyll maximum and nutricline. — In:Rothschild, B. J. [Ed.]: Towards a theory of biological-physical interactions in the world ocean: 51–70; Dordrecht (Kluwer).

Woodruff, S. D. &Slutz, R. J. &Jenne, R. L. &Steurer, P. M. (1987): A comprehensive ocean-atmosphere data set. — Bull. am. Meteorol. Soc,68: 1239–1250.

Wroblewski, J. S. &Richman, J. G. (1987): The non-linear response of plankton to wind mixing events — implications for survival of larval northern anchovy. — J. Plankton Res.,9 (1): 103–123.

Wu, X. &Flather, R. A. &Wolf, J. (1994): A third generation wave model of European continental shelf seas, with depth and current refration due to tides and surges and its validation using GEOSAT and buoy measurements. — Proudman Oceanogr. Lab. Rep., 33: 48 pp.

Zimmermann, J. T. F. (1978): Topographic generation of residual circulation by oscillatory (tidal) currents. — Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn.,11:35–47.