Emergency Care Research Institute, Evidence-Based Practice Center: Diagnosis and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) in Acute Stroke Patients. Rockville MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1999
Alberts MJ, Horner J, Gray L, Brazer SR: Aspiration after stroke: lesion analysis by brain MRI. Dysphagia 7(3):170–173, 1992
Aydogdu I, Ertekin C, Tarlaci S, Turman B, Kiylioglu N, Secil Y: Dysphagia in lateral medullary infarction (Wallenberg’s syndrome): an acute disconnection syndrome in premotor neurons related to swallowing activity? Stroke 32(9):2081–2087, 2001
Barer DH: The natural history and functional consequences of dysphagia after hemispheric stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52(2):236–241, 1989
Chen MY, Ott DJ, Peele VN, Gelfand DW: Oropharynx in patients with cerebrovascular disease: evaluation with videofluoroscopy. Radiology 176(3):641–643, 1990
Daniels SK, Brailey K, Foundas AL: Lingual discoordination and dysphagia following acute stroke: analyses of lesion localization. Dysphagia 14(2):85–92, 1999
Daniels SK, Foundas AL: The role of the insular cortex in dysphagia. Dysphagia 12(3):146–156, 1997
Gordon C, Hewer RL, Wade DT: Dysphagia in acute stroke. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 295(6595):411–414, 1987
Hamdy S, Aziz Q, Rothwell JC, Crone R, Hughes D, Tallis RC, Thompson DG: Explaining oropharyngeal dysphagia after unilateral hemispheric stroke. Lancet 350(9079):686–692, 1997
Hamdy S, Aziz Q, Rothwell JC, Singh KD, Barlow J, Hughes DG, Tallis RC, Thompson DG: The cortical topography of human swallowing musculature in health and disease. Nat Med 2(11):1217–1224, 1996
Han DS, Chang YC, Lu CH, Wang TG: Comparison of disordered swallowing patterns in patients with recurrent cortical/subcortical stroke and first-time brainstem stroke. J Rehabil Med 37(3):189–191, 2005
Johnson ER, McKenzie SW, Rosenquist CJ, Lieberman JS, Sievers AE: Dysphagia following stroke: quantitative evaluation of pharyngeal transit times. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 73(5):419–423, 1992
Kidd D, Lawson J, Nesbitt R, MacMahon J: Aspiration in acute stroke: a clinical study with videofluoroscopy. Q J Med 86(12):825–829, 1993
Kim H, Chung CS, Lee KH, Robbins J: Aspiration subsequent to a pure medullary infarction: lesion sites, clinical variables, and outcome. Arch Neurol 57(4):478–483, 2000
Paciaroni M, Mazzotta G, Corea F, Caso V, Venti M, Milia P, Silvestrelli G, Palmerini F, Parnetti L, Gallai V: Dysphagia following stroke. Eur Neurol 51(3):162–167, 2004
Ali GN, Wallace KL, Schwartz R, DeCarle DJ, Zagami AS, Cook IJ: Mechanisms of oral-pharyngeal dysphagia in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Gastroenterology 110(2):383-392, 1996
Born LJ, Harned RH, Rikkers LF, Pfeiffer RF, Quigley EM: Cricopharyngeal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: role in dysphagia and response to myotomy. Mov Disord 11(1):53–58, 1996
Coates C, Bakheit AM: Dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease. Eur Neurol 38(1):49-52, 1997
Leopold NA, Kagel MC: Pharyngo-esophageal dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease. Dysphagia 12(1):11-18; discussion 19–20, 1997
Stroudley J, Walsh M: Radiological assessment of dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease. Br J Radiol 64(766):890–893, 1991
Chouinard J, Lavigne E, Villeneuve C: Weight loss, dysphagia, and outcome in advanced dementia. Dysphagia 13(3):151–155, 1998
Horner J, Alberts MJ, Dawson DV, Cook GM: Swallowing in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 8(3):177–189, 1994
Kalia M: Dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Metabolism 52(10 Suppl 2):36–38, 2003
Priefer BA, Robbins J: Eating changes in mild-stage Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot study. Dysphagia 12(4):212-221, 1997
Wada H, Nakajoh K, Satoh-Nakagawa T, Suzuki T, Ohrui T, Arai H, Sasaki H: Risk factors of aspiration pneumonia in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Gerontology 47(5):271–276, 2001
Cherney LR, Halper AS: Swallowing problems in adults with traumatic brain injury. Semin Neurol 16(4):349–353, 1996
Lazarus C, Logemann JA: Swallowing disorders in closed head trauma patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 68(2):79–84, 1987
Leder SB: Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing in patients with acute traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 14(5):448–453, 1999
Mackay LE, Morgan AS, Bernstein BA: Factors affecting oral feeding with severe traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 14(5):435–447, 1999
Morgan AS, Mackay LE: Causes and complications associated with swallowing disorders in traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 14(5):454–461, 1999
Hamdy S, Rothwell JC, Brooks DJ, Bailey D, Aziz Q, Thompson DG: Identification of the cerebral loci processing human swallowing with H2(15)O PET activation. J Neurophysiol 81(4):1917–1926, 1999
Harris ML, Julyan P, Kulkarni B, Gow D, Hobson A, Hastings D, Zweit J, Hamdy S: Mapping metabolic brain activation during human volitional swallowing: a positron emission tomography study using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25(4):520–526, 2005
Raichle ME, Fiez JA, Videen TO, MacLeod AM, Pardo JV, Fox PT, Petersen SE: Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. Cereb Cortex 4(1):8–26, 1994
Zald DH, Pardo JV: The functional neuroanatomy of voluntary swallowing. Ann Neurol 46(3):281–286, 1999
Abe S, Wantanabe Y, Shintani M, Tazaki M, Takahashi M, Yamane GY, Ide Y, Yamada Y, Shimono M, Ishikawa T: Magnetoencephalographic study of the starting point of voluntary swallowing. Cranio 21(1):46–49, 2003
Dziewas R, Soros P, Ishii R, Chau W, Henningsen H, Ringelstein EB, Knecht S, Pantev C: Neuroimaging evidence for cortical involvement in the preparation and in the act of swallowing. Neuroimage 20(1):135–144, 2003
Furlong PL, Hobson AR, Aziz Q, Barnes GR, Singh KD, Hillebrand A, Thompson DG, Hamdy S: Dissociating the spatio-temporal characteristics of cortical neuronal activity associated with human volitional swallowing in the healthy adult brain. Neuroimage 22(4):1447–1455, 2004
Loose R, Hamdy S, Enck P: Magnetoencephalographic response characteristics associated with tongue movement. Dysphagia 16(3):183–185, 2001
Watanabe Y, Abe S, Ishikawa T, Yamada Y, Yamane GY: Cortical regulation during the early stage of initiation of voluntary swallowing in humans. Dysphagia 19(2):100–108, 2004
Ertekin C, Turman B, Tarlaci S, Celik M, Aydogdu I, Secil Y, Kiylioglu N: Cricopharyngeal sphincter muscle responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal subjects and in patients with dysphagia. Clin Neurophysiol 112(1):86–94, 2001
Fraser C, Power M, Hamdy S, Rothwell J, Hobday D, Hollander I, Tyrell P, Hobson A, Williams S, Thompson D: Driving plasticity in human adult motor cortex is associated with improved motor function after brain injury. Neuron 34(5):831–840, 2002
Rodel RM, Laskawi R, Markus H: Tongue representation in the lateral cortical motor region of the human brain as assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 112(1):71–76, 2003
Hiraoka K: Movement-related cortical potentials associated with saliva and water bolus swallowing. Dysphagia 19(3):155–159, 2004
Huckabee ML, Deecke L, Cannito MP, Gould HJ, Mayr W: Cortical control mechanisms in volitional swallowing: the Bereitschaftspotential. Brain Topogr 16(1):3–17, 2003
Satow T, Ikeda A, Yamamoto J, Begum T, Thuy DH, Matsuhashi M, Mima T, Nagamine T, Baba K, Mihara T, Inoue Y, Miyamoto S, Hashimoto N, Shibasaki H: Role of primary sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area in volitional swallowing: a movement-related cortical potential study. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 287(2):G459–G470, 2004
Heuttel S, Song A, McCarthy G: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2004
He AG, Tan LH, Tang Y, James GA, Wright P, Eckert MA, Fox PT, Liu Y: Modulation of neural connectivity during tongue movement and reading. Hum Brain Mapp 18(3):222–232, 2003
Rotte M, Kanowski M, Heinze HJ: Functional magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of the motor system: primary and secondary brain areas in different motor tasks. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 78(1):3–16, 2002
Shinagawa H, Ono T, Ishiwata Y, Honda E, Sasaki T, Taira M, Iriki A, Kuroda T: Hemispheric dominance of tongue control depends on the chewing-side preference. J Dent Res 82(4):278–283, 2003
Watanabe J, Sugiura M, Miura N, Watanabe Y, Maeda Y, Matsue Y, Kawashima R: The human parietal cortex is involved in spatial processing of tongue movement-an fMRI study. Neuroimage 21(4):1289–1299, 2004
Birn RM, Bandettini PA, Cox RW, Jesmanowicz A, Shaker R: Magnetic field changes in the human brain due to swallowing or speaking. Magn Reson Med 40(1):55–60, 1998
Mosier K, Liu WC, Behin B, Lee C, Baredes S: Cortical adaptation following partial glossectomy with primary closure: implications for reconstruction of the oral tongue. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 114(9):681–687, 2005
Birn RM, Bandettini PA, Cox RW, Shaker R: Event-related fMRI of tasks involving brief motion. Hum Brain Mapp 7(2):106–114, 1999
Martin R, Barr A, Macintosh B, Smith R, Stevens T, Taves D, Gati J, Menon R, Hachinski V: Cerebral cortical processing of swallowing in older adults. Exp Brain Res 176(1):12–22, 2007
Hamdy S, Mikulis DJ, Crawley A, Xue S, Lau H, Henry S, Diamant NE: Cortical activation during human volitional swallowing: an event-related fMRI study. Am J Physiol 277(1 Pt 1):G219–G225, 1999
Kern M, Birn R, Jaradeh S, Jesmanowicz A, Cox R, Hyde J, Shaker R: Swallow-related cerebral cortical activity maps are not specific to deglutition. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280(4):G531–G538, 2001
Kern MK, Jaradeh S, Arndorfer RC, Shaker R: Cerebral cortical representation of reflexive and volitional swallowing in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280(3):G354–G360, 2001
Komisaruk BR, Mosier KM, Liu WC, Criminale C, Zaborszky L, Whipple B, Kalnin A: Functional localization of brainstem and cervical spinal cord nuclei in humans with fMRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23(4):609–617, 2002
Martin RE, Goodyear BG, Gati JS, Menon RS: Cerebral cortical representation of automatic and volitional swallowing in humans. J Neurophysiol 85(2):938–950, 2001
Martin RE, MacIntosh BJ, Smith RC, Barr AM, Stevens TK, Gati JS, Menon RS: Cerebral areas processing swallowing and tongue movement are overlapping but distinct: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurophysiol 92(4):2428–2443, 2004
Mosier K, Bereznaya I: Parallel cortical networks for volitional control of swallowing in humans. Exp Brain Res 140(3):280–289, 2001
Mosier K, Patel R, Liu WC, Kalnin A, Maldjian J, Baredes S: Cortical representation of swallowing in normal adults: functional implications. Laryngoscope 109(9):1417–1423, 1999
Mosier KM, Liu WC, Maldjian JA, Shah R, Modi B: Lateralization of cortical function in swallowing: a functional MR imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20(8):1520–1526, 1999
Suzuki M, Asada Y, Ito J, Hayashi K, Inoue H, Kitano H: Activation of cerebellum and basal ganglia on volitional swallowing detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dysphagia 18(2):71–77, 2003
Toogood JA, Barr AM, Stevens TK, Gati JS, Menon RS, Martin RE: Discrete functional contributions of cerebral cortical foci in voluntary swallowing: a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) “Go, No-Go” study. Exp Brain Res 161(1):81–90, 2005
Zarahn E, Slifstein M: A reference effect approach for power analysis in fMRI. Neuroimage 14(3):768-779, 2001
Robbins J, Hamilton JW, Lof GL, Kempster GB: Oropharyngeal swallowing in normal adults of different ages. Gastroenterology 103(3):823–829, 1992
Tracy JF, Logemann JA, Kahrilas PJ, Jacob P, Kobara M, Krugler C: Preliminary observations on the effects of age on oropharyngeal deglutition. Dysphagia 4(2):90–94, 1989