Nonviral gene therapy: promises and challenges

Wolff JA et al. Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo Science 1990 247: 1465–1468

Ulmer JB et al. Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein Science 1993 259: 1745–1749

Condon C et al. DNA-based immunization by in vivo transfection of dendritic cells Nature Med 1996 2: 1122–1128

Liu F, Song Y, Liu D . Hydrodynamics-based transfection in animals by systemic administration of plasmid DNA Gene Therapy 1999 6: 1258–1266

Yang NS et al. In vivo and in vitro gene transfer to mammalian somatic cells by particle bombardment Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990 87: 9568–9572

Rols MP et al. In vivo electrically mediated protein and gene transfer in murine melanoma Nat Biotechnol 1998 16: 168–171

Rizzuto G et al. Efficient and regulated erythropoietin production by naked DNA injection and muscle electroporation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999 96: 6417–6422

Anwer K et al. Systemic effect of human growth hormone after intramuscular injection of a single dose of a muscle-specific gene medicine Hum Gene Ther 1998 9: 659–670

Felgner PL et al. Lipofection: a highly efficient, lipid-mediated DNA-transfection procedure Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987 84: 7413–7417

Wheeler CJ et al. A novel cationic lipid greatly enhances plasmid DNA delivery and expression in mouse lung Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996 93: 11454–11459

Lee ER et al. Detailed analysis of structures and formulations of cationic lipids for efficient gene transfer to the lung Hum Gene Ther 1996 7: 1701–1717

Nabel GJ et al. Direct gene transfer with DNA–liposome complexes in melanoma: expression, biologic activity, and lack of toxicity in humans Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993 90: 11307–11311

Caplen NJ et al. Liposome-mediated CFTR gene transfer to the nasal epithelium of patients with cystic fibrosis Nat Med 1995 1: 39–46

Radler JO, Koltover I, Salditt T, Safinya CR . Structure of DNA–cationic liposome complexes: DNA intercalation in multilamellar membranes in distinct interhelical packing regimes Science 1997 275: 810–814

Subramanian A, Ranganathan P, Diamond SL . Nuclear targeting peptide scaffolds for lipofection of nondividing mammalian cells Nat Biotechnol 1999 17: 873–877

Li S et al. Dynamic changes in the characteristics of cationic lipidic vectors after exposure to mouse serum: implications for intravenous lipofection Gene Therapy 1999 6: 585–594

Gao X, Huang L . Potentiation of cationic liposome-mediated gene delivery by polycations Biochemistry 1996 35: 1027–1036

Liu Y et al. Factors influencing the efficiency of cationic liposome-mediated intravenous gene delivery Nat Biotechnol 1997 15: 167–173

Boussif O et al. A versatile vector for gene and oligonucleotide transfer into cells in culture and in vivo: polyethylenimine Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995 92: 7297–7301

Roy K, Mao HQ, Huang SK, Leong KW . Oral gene delivery with chitosan–DNA nanoparticles generates immunologic protection in a murine model of peanut allergy Nat Med 1999 5: 387–391

Cole-Strauss et al. Correction of the mutation responsible for sickle cell anemia by an RNA–DNA oligonucleotide Science 1996 273: 1386–1389

Kren BT et al. Correction of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene defect in the Gunn rat model of Crigler–Najjar syndrome type I with a chimeric oligonucleotide Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999 96: 10349–10354

Yew NS et al. Contribution of plasmid DNA to inflammation in the lung after administration of cationic lipid:pDNA complexes Hum Gene Ther 1999 10: 223–234

Li S et al. Effect of immune response on gene transfer to the lung via systemic administration of cationic lipidic vectors Am J Physiol 1999 276: L796–L804

Krieg AM et al. CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation Nature 1995 374: 546–549

Chu RS et al. CpG oligodeoxy-nucleotides act as adjuvants that switch on T helper 1 (Th1) immunity J Exp Med 1997 186: 1623–1631