Nonlinear Dynamics of Motivational Flow
Tóm tắt
Motivational flow is the experience of intrinsic motivation, which is in turn the result of the levels of challenge and skill involvement for a particular task. The level of flow is predictive of the amount of time a person will spend in that task, and it is thought to form a basis for an individual's time allocation between occupational and leisure activities. In this study, 28 university students, many of whom were employed, completed a 7-day log of their daily activities, their duration, and provided ratings of the level of skills and challenges inherent in the task. The logs provided a time series of several hundred points for each participant, which were each subjected to nonlinear dynamical analysis through nonlinear regression. Principal results were: (1) Flow was chaotic for all subjects. (2) The average R
2
for the nonlinear models was .22, compared to .02 for the linear counterpart. (3) R
2
was higher for people who spent more time at paying jobs. Evidence for individual differences in dynamical character were uncovered.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abraham, F. D. (1995). Dynamics, bifurcation, self-organization, chaos, mind, conflict, insensitivity to initial conditions, time unification, diversity, free will, and social responsibility. In R. Robertson & A. Combs (Eds.), Chaos theory in psychology and the life scieinces (pp. 155–173). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Eribaum Associates.
Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988). The flow experience and its significance for human psychology. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness (pp. 15–35). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper-Collins.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: Harper-Collins.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56 815–822.
Deci, E. L. (1972). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum.
Dendrinos, D. S. (1991). Quasi-periodicity and chaos in spatial population dynamics. Socio-Spatial Dynamics, 2 31–59.
Eisenberger, R. (1992). Learned industriousness. Psychological Review, 99 248–267.
Guastello, S. J. (1981). Catastrophe modeling of equity in organizations. Behavioral Science, 26 63–74.
Guastello, S. J. (1987). A butterfly catastrophe model of motivation in organizations: Academic performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72 165–182.
Guastello, S. J. (1995). Chaos, catastrophe and human affairs; Applications of nonlinear dynamics to work, organizations, and social evolution. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Haworth, J. T., & Hill, S. (1992). Work, leisure and psychological well-being in a sample of young adults. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 2 147–160.
Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, D. (1959). The motivation to work. New York: Wiley.
Katzell, R. A., & Thompson, D. E. (1990). Work motivation: Theory and practice. American Psychologist, 45 144–153.
Mannell, R. C., Zuzanek, J., & Larson, R. (1988). Leisure states and “flow” experiences: Testing perceived freedom and intrinsic motivation hypotheses. Journal of Leisure Research, 20 289–304.
Mayer-Kress, G. (1992). Nonlinear dynamics and chaos in arms race models. In L. Lam & V. Naroditsky (Eds.), Modeling complex phenomena (pp. 151–183). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Newhouse, R., Ruelle, D., & Takens, F. (1978). Occurrence of strange attractors: An axiom near quasi-periodic flows on Tm, m ≥ 3. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 64 35–41.
Parker, B. (1996). Chaos in the cosmos. New York: Plenum.
Premack, D. (1971). Catching up with common sense or two sides of a generalization: Reinforcement and punishment. In R. Glaser (Ed.), The nature of reinforcement (pp. 121–150). New York: Academic Press.
Puu, T. (1993). Nonlinear economic dynamics (3rd. ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Ruelle, D. (1980). Strange attractors. The Mathematical Intelligencer, 2 127–137.
Ruelle, D., & Takens, F. (1971). On the nature of turbulence. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 20 167–192.
Solomon, R. L. (1980). The opponent process theory of acquired motivation: The costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain. American Psychologist, 35 691–712.
Townsend, J. T., & Busemeyer, J. R. (1989). Approach-avoidance: Return to dynamic decision behavior. In C. Izawa (Ed.), Current issues in cognitive process: The Tulane Floweree Symposium on Cognition (pp. 107–133). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Eribaum Associates.
Ueda, Y. (1983). The road to chaos. Santa Cruz: Ariel Press.
Zhang, W-B. (1991). Economic growth, creativity and spatial diffusion of knowledge. Socio-Spatial Dynamics, 2 19–30.