Noninvasive Cardiac Output Monitors: A State-of the-Art Review

Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia - Tập 27 Số 1 - Trang 121-134 - 2013
Paul E. Marik1
1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Sakr, 2004, Persistent microcirculatory alterations are associated with organ failure and death in patients with septic shock, Crit Care Med, 32, 1825, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000138558.16257.3F

Dewar, 2009, Postinjury multiple organ failure, Injury, 40, 912, 10.1016/j.injury.2009.05.024

Cohn, 2007, Tissue oxygen saturation predicts the development of organ dysfunction during traumatic shock resuscitation, J Trauma, 62, 44, 10.1097/TA.0b013e31802eb817

Patila, 2006, Relation of the sequential organ failure assessment score to morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery, Ann Thorac Surg, 82, 2072, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.06.025

Lobo, 2011, Early determinants of death due to multiple organ failure after noncardiac surgery in high-risk patients, Anesth Analg, 112, 877, 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181e2bf8e

Shapiro, 2006, Implementation and outcomes of the multiple urgent sepsis therapies (MUST) protocol, Crit Care Med, 34, 1025, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000206104.18647.A8

Rivers, 2001, Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock, N Engl J Med, 345, 1368, 10.1056/NEJMoa010307

Lopes, 2007, Goal-directed fluid management based on pulse pressure variation monitoring during high-risk surgery: A pilot randomized controlled trial, Crit Care, 11, R100, 10.1186/cc6117

Polonen, 2000, A prospective, randomized study of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in cardiac surgical patients, Anesth Analg, 90, 1052, 10.1097/00000539-200005000-00010

Gan, 2002, Goal-directed intraoperative fluid administration reduces length of hospital stay after major surgery, Anesthesiology, 97, 820, 10.1097/00000542-200210000-00012

Wakeling, 2005, Intraoperative oesophageal Doppler guided fluid management shortens postoperative hospital stay after major bowel surgery, Br J Anaesth, 95, 634, 10.1093/bja/aei223

Noblett, 2006, Randomized clinical trial assessing the effect of Doppler-optimized fluid management on outcome after elective colorectal resection, Br J Surg, 93, 1069, 10.1002/bjs.5454

Hamilton, 2011, A systematic review and meta-analysis on the use of preemptive hemodynamic intervention to improve postoperative outcomes in moderate and high-risk surgical patients, Anesth Analg, 112, 1392, 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181eeaae5

Boyd, 2011, Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: A positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure increase mortality, Crit Care Med, 39, 259, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181feeb15

Maitland, 2011, Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection, N Engl J Med, 364, 2483, 10.1056/NEJMoa1101549

de-Madaria, 2011, Influence of fluid therapy on the prognosis of acute pancreatitis: A prospective cohort study, Am J Gastroenterol, 106, 1843, 10.1038/ajg.2011.236

Rosenberg, 2009, Review of a large clinical series: Association of cumulative fluid balance on outcome in acute lung injury: A retrospective review of the ARDSnet tidal volume study cohort, J Intensive Care Med, 24, 35, 10.1177/0885066608329850

Bundgaard-Nielsen, 2009, “Liberal” versus “restrictive” perioperative fluid therapy—A critical assessment of the evidence, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 53, 843, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.02029.x

Marik, 2008, Does the central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness?, Chest, 134, 172, 10.1378/chest.07-2331

Saugel, 2011, Physical examination, central venous pressure, and chest radiography for the prediction of transpulmonary thermodilution-derived hemodynamic parameters in critically ill patients: A prospective trial, J Crit Care, 26, 402, 10.1016/j.jcrc.2010.11.001

Fick, 1870, Ueber die Messung des Blutquantums in den Herzventrikeln, Sitzungsber PhysiologischMedizinosche Ges Wuerzburg, 2, 16

Swan, 1970, Catheterization of the heart in man with use of a flow-directed balloon-tipped catheter, N Engl J Med, 283, 447, 10.1056/NEJM197008272830902

Critchley, 1999, A meta-analysis of studies using bias and precision statistics to compare cardiac output measurement techniques, J Clin Monit Comput, 15, 85, 10.1023/A:1009982611386

Critchley, 2010, A critical review of the ability of continuous cardiac output monitors to measure trends in cardiac output, Anesth Analg, 111, 1180, 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181f08a5b

Bland, 1986, Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement, Lancet, i, 307, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8

Jaffe, 1999, Partial CO2 rebreathing cardiac output – Operating principles of the NICO system, J Clin Monit Comput, 15, 387, 10.1023/A:1009981313076

Rocco, 2004, A comparative evaluation of thermodilution and partial CO2 rebreathing techniques for cardiac output assessment in critically ill patients during assisted ventilation, Intensive Care Med, 30, 82, 10.1007/s00134-003-2069-4

Nilsson, 2001, Lack of agreement between thermodilution and carbon dioxide-rebreathing cardiac output, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 45, 680, 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2001.045006680.x

van Heerden, 2000, Clinical evaluation of the noninvasive cardiac output (NICO) monitor in the intensive care unit, Anaesthesiol Intensive Care, 28, 427, 10.1177/0310057X0002800412

Odenstedt, 2002, Clinical evaluation of a partial CO2 rebreathing technique for cardiac output monitoring in critically ill patients, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 46, 152, 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2002.t01-1-460205.x

Binder, 2001, Noninvasive cardiac output determination: Comparison of a new partial-rebreathing technique with thermodilution, Anaesthesiol Intensive Care, 29, 19, 10.1177/0310057X0102900103

Kotake, 2003, Performance of noninvasive partial CO2 rebreathing cardiac output and continuous thermodilution cardiac output in patients undergoing aortic reconstruction surgery, Anesthesiol, 99, 283, 10.1097/00000542-200308000-00009

Tachibana, 2005, Effects of reduced rebreathing time, in spontaneously breathing patients, on respiratory effort and accuracy in cardiac output measurement when using a partial carbon dioxide rebreathing technique: A prospective observational study, Crit Care, 9, R569, 10.1186/cc3801

Tachibana, 2003, Noninvasive cardiac output measurement using partial carbon dioxide rebreathing is less accurate at settings of reduced minute ventilation and when spontaneous breathing is present, Anesthesiol, 98, 830, 10.1097/00000542-200304000-00007

Lefrant, 1998, Training is required to improve the reliability of esophageal Doppler to measure cardiac output in critically ill patients, Intensive Care Med, 24, 347, 10.1007/s001340050578

Valtier, 1998, Noninvasive monitoring of cardiac output in critically ill patients using transesophageal Doppler, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 158, 77, 10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9707031

Marik, 2012, The use of NICOM (bioreactance) and carotid Doppler to determine volume responsiveness and blood flow redistribution following passive leg raising in hemodynamically unstable patients, Ann Crit Care

Sinclair, 1997, Intraoperative intravascular volume optimisation and length of hospital stay after repair of proximal femoral fracture: Randomised controlled trial, BMJ, 315, 909, 10.1136/bmj.315.7113.909

Tan, 2005, Clinical evaluation of USCOM ultrasonic cardiac output monitor in cardiac surgical patients in intensive care unit, Br J Anaesth, 94, 287, 10.1093/bja/aei054

Thom, 2009, Comparison of a supra-sternal cardiac output monitor (USCOM) with the pulmonary artery catheter, Br J Anaesth, 103, 800, 10.1093/bja/aep296

Boyle, 2009, Assessment of the clinical utility of an ultrasonic monitor of cardiac output (the USCOM) and agreement with thermodilution measurement, Crit Care Resusc, 11, 198

Chand, 2006, Cardiac output estimation with a new Doppler device after off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 20, 315, 10.1053/j.jvca.2005.05.024

Montenij, 2011, Arterial waveform analysis in anesthesia and critical care, Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 24, 651, 10.1097/ACO.0b013e32834cd2d9

Camporota, 2010, Pitfalls in haemodynamic monitoring based on the arterial pressure waveform, Crit Care, 14, 124, 10.1186/cc8845

Bein, 2004, Comparison of esophageal Doppler, pulse contour analysis, and real-time pulmonary artery thermodilution for the continuous measurement of cardiac output, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 18, 185, 10.1053/j.jvca.2004.01.025

Mora, 2011, Validation of cardiac output measurement with the LiDCOTM pulse contour system in patients with impaired left ventricular function after cardiac surgery, J Anesth, 66, 675, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06754.x

Garcia-Rodriguez, 2002, Lithium dilution cardiac output measurement: A clinical assessment of central venous and peripheral venous indicator injection, Crit Care Med, 30, 2199, 10.1097/00003246-200210000-00004

Linton, 1997, Lithium dilution cardiac output measurement: A comparison with thermodilution, Crit Care Med, 25, 1796, 10.1097/00003246-199711000-00015

Oren-Grinberg, 2010, The PiCCO monitor, Int Anesthesiol Clin, 48, 57, 10.1097/AIA.0b013e3181c3dc11

Holm, 2005, Reproducibility of transpulmonary thermodilution measurements in patients with burn shock and hypothermia, J Burn Care Rehabil, 26, 260

Hamzaoui, 2008, Effects of changes in vascular tone on the agreement between pulse contour and transpulmonary thermodilution cardiac output measurements within an up to 6-hour calibration-free period, Crit Care Med, 36, 434, 10.1097/01.CCM.OB013E318161FEC4

Fernandez-Mondejar, 2005, Small increases in extravascular lung water are accurately detected by transpulmonary thermodilution, J Trauma, 59, 1420, 10.1097/01.ta.0000198360.01080.42

Kozieras, 2007, Influence of an acute increase in systemic vascular resistance on transpulmonary thermodilution-derived parameters in critically ill patients, Intensive Care Med, 33, 1619, 10.1007/s00134-007-0669-0

Katzenelson, 2004, Accuracy of transpulmonary thermodilution versus gravimetric measurement of extravascular lung water, Crit Care Med, 32, 1550, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000130995.18334.8B

Marik, 2009, Dynamic changes in arterial waveform derived variables and fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients, Crit Care Med, 37, 2642, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a590da

Mutoh, 2009, Performance of bedside transpulmonary thermodilution monitoring for goal-directed hemodynamic management after subarachnoid hemorrhage, Stroke, 40, 2368, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.547463

Langewouters, 1984, The static elastic properties of 45 human thoracic and 20 abdominal aortas in vitro and the parameters of a new model, J Biomech, 17, 425, 10.1016/0021-9290(84)90034-4

Chakravarthy, 2007, Comparison of simultaneous estimation of cardiac output by four techniques in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery—A prospective observational study, Ann Card Anaesth, 10, 121, 10.4103/0971-9784.37937

de Waal, 2007, Validation of a new arterial pulse contour-based cardiac output device, Crit Care Med, 35, 1904, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000275429.45312.8C

Manecke, 2007, Cardiac output determination from the arterial pressure wave: Clinical testing of a novel algorithm that does not require calibration, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 21, 3, 10.1053/j.jvca.2006.08.004

McGee, 2007, Validation of a continuous, arterial pressure-based cardiac output measurement: A multicenter, prospective clinical trial, Crit Care, 11, R105, 10.1186/cc6125

Zimmermann, 2008, The accuracy of the Vigileo/FloTrac continuous cardiac output monitor, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 22, 388, 10.1053/j.jvca.2007.11.001

Marque, 2009, Comparison between Flotrac-Vigileo and bioreactance, a totally noninvasive method for cardiac output monitoring, Crit Care, 13, R73, 10.1186/cc7884

Ostergaard, 2009, Pulse contour cardiac output: An evaluation of the FloTrac method, Eur J Anaesthesiol, 26, 484, 10.1097/EJA.0b013e32831f343f

Monnet, 2010, Arterial pressure-based cardiac output in septic patients: Different accuracy of pulse contour and uncalibrated pressure waveform devices, Crit Care, 14, R109, 10.1186/cc9058

Opdam, 2007, A pilot assessment of the FloTrac cardiac output monitoring system, Intensive Care Med, 33, 344, 10.1007/s00134-006-0410-4

Sander, 2006, Comparison of uncalibrated arterial waveform analysis in cardiac surgery patients with thermodilution cardiac output measurements, Crit Care, 10, R164, 10.1186/cc5103

Breukers, 2007, Cardiac output measured by a new arterial pressure waveform analysis method without calibration compared with thermodilution after cardiac surgery, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 21, 632, 10.1053/j.jvca.2007.01.001

Mayer, 2007, Semi-invasive monitoring of cardiac output by a new device using arterial pressure waveform analysis: A comparison with intermittent pulmonary artery thermodilution in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, Br J Anaesth, 98, 176, 10.1093/bja/ael341

Sander, 2008, Cardiac output measurement by arterial waveform analysis in cardiac surgery—A comparison of measurements derived from waveforms of the radial artery versus the ascending aorta, J Int Med Res, 36, 414, 10.1177/147323000803600305

Cecconi, 2010, A prospective study of the accuracy and precision of continuous cardiac output monitoring devices as compared to intermittent thermodilution, Minerva Anestesiol, 76, 1010

Button, 2007, Clinical evaluation of the FloTrac/Vigileo system and two established continuous cardiac output monitoring devices in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, Br J Anaesth, 99, 329, 10.1093/bja/aem188

Cannesson, 2007, Comparison of FloTrac cardiac output monitoring system in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with pulmonary artery cardiac output measurements, Eur J Anaesthesiol, 24, 832, 10.1017/S0265021507001056

Sakka, 2007, Measurement of cardiac output: A comparison between transpulmonary thermodilution and uncalibrated pulse contour analysis, Br J Anaesth, 99, 337, 10.1093/bja/aem177

Mehta, 2008, Cardiac output monitoring: Comparison of a new arterial pressure waveform analysis to the bolus thermodilution technique in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 22, 394, 10.1053/j.jvca.2008.02.015

Staier, 2008, Cardiac output determination by thermodilution and arterial pulse waveform analysis in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement, Can J Anaesth, 55, 22, 10.1007/BF03017593

Compton, 2008, Performance of a minimally invasive uncalibrated cardiac output monitoring system (Flotrac/Vigileo) in haemodynamically unstable patients, Br J Anaesth, 100, 451, 10.1093/bja/aem409

Biais, 2008, Cardiac output measurement in patients undergoing liver transplantation: Pulmonary artery catheter versus uncalibrated arterial pressure waveform analysis, Anesth Analg, 106, 1480, 10.1213/ane.0b013e318168b309

Eleftheriadis, 2009, Variations in arterial blood pressure are associated with parallel changes in FlowTrac/Vigileo (R)–derived cardiac output measurements: A prospective comparison study, Crit Care, 13, R179, 10.1186/cc8161

Hamm, 2010, Assessment of a cardiac output device using arterial pulse waveform analysis, Vigileo, in cardiac surgery compared to pulmonary arterial thermodilution, Anaesth Intensive Care, 38, 295, 10.1177/0310057X1003800211

Hofer, 2010, Uncalibrated radial and femoral arterial pressure waveform analysis for continuous cardiac output measurement: An evaluation in cardiac surgery patients, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 24, 257, 10.1053/j.jvca.2009.06.003

Jo, 2011, The uncalibrated pulse contour cardiac output during off-pump coronary bypass surgery: Performance in patients with a low cardiac output status and a reduced left ventricular function, Korean J Anesthesiol, 60, 237, 10.4097/kjae.2011.60.4.237

Slagt, 2010, Cardiac output derived from arterial pressure waveform analysis without calibration vs. thermodilution in septic shock: Evolving accuracy of software versions, Eur J Anaesthesiol, 27, 550, 10.1097/EJA.0b013e3283333a92

Junttila, 2011, Uncalibrated arterial pressure waveform analysis for cardiac output monitoring is biased by low peripheral resistance in patients with intracranial haemorrhage, Br J Anaesth, 107, 581, 10.1093/bja/aer170

Haenggi, 2011, Comparison of non-calibrated pulse-contour analysis with continuous thermodilution for cardiac output assessment in patients with induced hypothermia after cardiac arrest, Resuscitation, 82, 423, 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.12.015

Saraceni, 2011, Comparison of two methods for cardiac output measurement in critically ill patients, Br J Anaesth, 106, 690, 10.1093/bja/aer030

Vetrugno, 2011, Uncalibrated arterial pulse cardiac output measurements in patients with moderately abnormal left ventricular function, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 25, 53, 10.1053/j.jvca.2010.07.001

Prasser, 2007, Evaluation of an improved algorithm for arterial pressure-based cardiac output assessment without external calibration, Intensive Care Med, 33, 2223, 10.1007/s00134-007-0859-9

Della Rocca, 2008, Arterial pulse cardiac output agreement with thermodilution in patients in hyperdynamic conditions, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 22, 681, 10.1053/j.jvca.2008.02.021

Mayer, 2008, Cardiac output derived from arterial pressure waveform analysis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: Validity of a second generation device, Anesth Analg, 106, 867, 10.1213/ane.0b013e318161964d

Senn, 2009, Assessment of cardiac output changes using a modified FloTrac/Vigileo algorithm in cardiac surgery patients, Crit Care, 13, R32, 10.1186/cc7739

Biancofiore, 2009, Evaluation of an uncalibrated arterial pulse contour cardiac output monitoring system in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver surgery, Br J Anaesth, 102, 47, 10.1093/bja/aen343

Zimmermann, 2009, The accuracy of the Vigileo/FloTrac system has been improved – Follow-up after a software update: A blinded comparative study of 30 cardiosurgical patients, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 23, 929, 10.1053/j.jvca.2008.12.012

Hadian, 2010, Cross-comparison of cardiac output trending accuracy of LiDCO, PiCCO, FloTrac and pulmonary artery catheters, Crit Care, 14, R212, 10.1186/cc9335

Krejci, 2010, Comparison of calibrated and uncalibrated arterial pressure-based cardiac output monitors during orthotopic liver transplantation, Liver Transpl, 16, 773, 10.1002/lt.22056

Mutoh, 2009, Evaluation of the FloTrac uncalibrated continuous cardiac output system for perioperative hemodynamic monitoring after subarachnoid hemorrhage, J Neurosurg Anesthesiol, 21, 218, 10.1097/ANA.0b013e3181a4cd8b

Biancofiore, 2011, Evaluation of a new software version of the FloTrac/Vigileo (version 3.02) and a comparison with previous data in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplant surgery, Anesth Analg, 113, 515, 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31822401b2

De Backer, 2011, Arterial pressure-based cardiac output monitoring: A multicenter validation of the third-generation software in septic patients, Intensive Care Med, 37, 233, 10.1007/s00134-010-2098-8

Metzelder, 2011, Performance of cardiac output measurement derived from arterial pressure waveform analysis in patients requiring high-dose vasopressor therapy, Br J Anaesth, 106, 776, 10.1093/bja/aer066

Phan, 2011, A comparison of three minimally invasive cardiac output devices with thermodilution in elective cardiac surgery, Anaesthesiol Intensive Care, 39, 1014, 10.1177/0310057X1103900606

Monnet, 2012, Third-generation FloTrac/Vigileo does not reliably track changes in cardiac output induced by norepinephrine in critically ill patients, Br J Anaesth, 108, 615, 10.1093/bja/aer491

Su, 2012, Cardiac output derived from arterial pressure waveform analysis in patients undergoing liver transplantation: Validity of a third generation device, Transplant Proc, 44, 424, 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.12.036

Lorsomradee, 2007, Uncalibrated arterial pulse contour analysis versus continuous thermodilution technique: Effects of alterations in arterial waveform, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 21, 636, 10.1053/j.jvca.2007.02.003

Benes, 2010, Intraopeartive fluid optimization using stroke volume variation in high risk surgical patients: Results of prospective randomized study, Crit Care, 14, R118, 10.1186/cc9070

Machare-Delgado, 2011, Inferior vena cava variation compared to pulse contour analysis as predictors of fluid responsiveness: A prospective cohort study, J Intensive Care Med, 26, 116, 10.1177/0885066610384192

Takala, 2011, Early noninvasive cardiac output monitoring in hemodynamically unstable intensive care patents: A multicenter randomized controlled trial, Crit Care, 15, R148, 10.1186/cc10273

Romano, 2002, Assessment of cardiac output from systemic arterial pressure in humans, Crit Care Med, 30, 1834, 10.1097/00003246-200208000-00027

Scolletta, 2005, Pressure recording analytical method (PRAM) for measurement of cardiac output during various haemodynamic states, Br J Anaesth, 95, 159, 10.1093/bja/aei154

Franchi, 2011, Comparison between an uncalibrated pulse contour method and thermodilution technique for cardiac output estimation in septic patients, Br J Anaesth, 107, 202, 10.1093/bja/aer123

Calamandrei, 2008, Assessment of cardiac output in children: A comparison between the pressure recording analytical method and Doppler echocardiography, Pediatr Crit Care Med, 9, 310, 10.1097/PCC.0b013e31816c7151

Giomarelli, 2004, Cardiac output monitoring by pressure recording analytical method in cardiac surgery, Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 26, 515, 10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.05.025

Scolletta, 2011, Continuous cardiac output monitoring with an uncalibrated pulse contour method in patients supported with mechanical pulsatile assist device, Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 13, 52, 10.1510/icvts.2010.264234

Paarmann, 2011, Lack of agreement between pulmonary arterial thermodilution cardiac output and the pressure recording analytical method in postoperative cardiac surgery patients, Br J Anaesth, 106, 475, 10.1093/bja/aeq372

Maj, 2011, Cardiac index assessment by the pressure recording analytic method in unstable patients with atrial fibrillation, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 25, 476, 10.1053/j.jvca.2010.09.027

Zangrillo, 2010, Cardiac index validation using the pressure recording analytic method in unstable patients, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 24, 265, 10.1053/j.jvca.2009.09.019

Michard, 2000, Using heart-lung interactions to assess fluid responsiveness during mechanical ventilation, Crit Care, 4, 282, 10.1186/cc710

Renner, 2012, Prediction of fluid responsiveness in infants and neonates undergoing congenital heart surgery, Br J Anaesth, 108, 108, 10.1093/bja/aer371

Geerts, 2011, Pulse contour analysis to assess hemodynamic response to passive leg raising, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 25, 48, 10.1053/j.jvca.2010.09.013

Wyffels, 2010, The value of pulse pressure and stroke volume variation as predictors of fluid responsiveness during open chest surgery, J Anesth, 65, 704, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06371.x

Pearse, 2005, Early goal-directed therapy after major surgery reduces complications and duration of hospital stay: A randomised controlled trial, Crit Care, 9, R687, 10.1186/cc3887

Cannesson, 2011, Assessing the diagnostic accuracy of pulse pressure variations for the prediction of fluid responsiveness: A “gray zone” approach, Anesthesiol, 115, 231, 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318225b80a

Jacques, 2011, Pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation during increased intra-abdominal pressure: An experimental study, Crit Care, 15, R33, 10.1186/cc9980

Mahjoub, 2009, Assessing fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients: False-positive pulse pressure variation is detected by Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of the right ventricle, Crit Care Med, 37, 2570, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a380a3

Muller, 2010, The influence of the airway driving pressure on pulsed pressure variation as a predictor of fluid responsiveness, Intensive Care Med, 36, 496, 10.1007/s00134-009-1686-y

von Ballmoos, 2010, Pulse-pressure variation and hemodynamic response in patients with elevated pulmonary artery pressure: A clinical study, Crit Care, 14, R111, 10.1186/cc9060

Lakhal, 2011, Respiratory pulse pressure variation fails to predict fluid responsiveness in acute respiratory distress syndrome, Crit Care, 15, R85, 10.1186/cc10083

Lansdorp, 2012, Dynamic indices do not predict volume responsiveness in routine clinical practice, Br J Anaesth, 108, 395, 10.1093/bja/aer411

Raaijmakers, 1999, A meta-analysis of three decades of validating thoracic impedance cardiography, Crit Care Med, 27, 1203, 10.1097/00003246-199906000-00053

Bowling, 1993, Lack of agreement between measurement of ejection fraction by impedance cardiography versus radionuclide ventriculography, Crit Care Med, 21, 1523, 10.1097/00003246-199310000-00021

Marik, 1997, A comparison of hemodynamic parameters derived from transthoracic electrical bioimpedance with those parameters obtained by thermodilution and ventricular angiography, Crit Care Med, 25, 1545, 10.1097/00003246-199709000-00023

Critchley, 2000, The effect of lung injury and excessive lung fluid, on impedance cardiac output measurements, in the critically ill, Intensive Care Med, 26, 679, 10.1007/s001340051232

Sageman, 2002, Equivalence of bioimpedance and thermodilution in measuring cardiac index after cardiac surgery, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 16, 8, 10.1053/jcan.2002.29635

Gujjar, 2008, Noninvasive cardiac output by transthoracic electrical bioimpedence in post-cardiac surgery patients: Comparison with thermodilution method, J Clin Monit Comput, 22, 175, 10.1007/s10877-008-9119-y

Spiess, 2001, Comparison of bioimpedance versus thermodilution cardiac output during cardiac surgery: Evaluation of a second-generation bioimpedance device, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 15, 567, 10.1053/jcan.2001.26533

Kamath, 2009, Am Heart J, 158, 217, 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.06.002

Raue, 2009, Comparison of electrical velocimetry and transthoracic thermodilution technique for cardiac output assessment in critically ill patients, Eur J Anaesthesiol, 26, 1067, 10.1097/EJA.0b013e32832bfd94

Engoren, 2005, Comparison of cardiac output determined by bioimpedance, thermodilution, and the Fick method, Am J Crit Care, 14, 40, 10.4037/ajcc2005.14.1.40

Wang, 2006, Impedance cardiography: More questions than answers, Curr Cardiol Rep, 8, 180, 10.1007/s11886-006-0031-0

Keren, 2007, Evaluation of a noninvasive continuous cardiac output monitoring system based on thoracic bioreactance, Am J Physiol, 293, H583

Raval, 2008, Multicenter evaluation of noninvasive cardiac output measurement by bioreactance technique, J Clin Monit Comput, 22, 113, 10.1007/s10877-008-9112-5

Squara, 2009, Comparison of monitoring performance of bioreactance vs. pulse contour during lung recruitment maneuvers, Crit Care, 13, R125, 10.1186/cc7981

Rich, 2011, Evaluation of noninvasively measured cardiac output in patients with pulmonary hypertension, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 183, A6440

Squara, 2007, Noninvasive cardiac output monitoring (NICOM): A clinical validation, Intensive Care Med, 33, 1191, 10.1007/s00134-007-0640-0

Heerdt, 2011, Noninvasive cardiac ouput monitoring with bioreactance as an alternative to invasive instrumentation for preclinical drug evaluation in beagles, J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods, 64, 111, 10.1016/j.vascn.2011.03.006

Benomar, 2010, Fluid responsiveness predicted by noninvasive bioreactance-based passive leg raise test, Intensive Care Med, 36, 1875, 10.1007/s00134-010-1990-6

Waldron, 2011, NICOM versus EDM guided goal directed fluid therapy in the perioperative period, Anesthesiology, 115, A680

Levitov, 2012, Echocardiographic assessment of preload responsiveness in critically ill patients, Cardiol Res Pract, 2012, 819696, 10.1155/2012/819696

Salem, 2008, Hemodynamic monitoring by echocardiography in the ICU: The role of the new echo techniques, Curr Opin Crit Care, 14, 561, 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32830e6d81