Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: concepts, dynamics, and policy implications
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Alderman, H., Paxson, C.H., 1992. Do the Poor Insure? A Synthesis of the Literature on Risk and Consumption in Developing Countries. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper WPS 1008.
André, 1998, Land tenure under unbearable stress: Rwanda caught in the Malthusian trap, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 34, 1, 10.1016/S0167-2681(97)00045-0
Bardhan, P., Bowles, S., Gintis, H., 2000. Wealth inequality, wealth constraints and economic performance. In: Atkinson, A.B., Bourguignon, F. (Eds.), Handbook of Income Distribution, vol. 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Barrett, 1997, Food marketing liberalization and trader entry: evidence from Madagascar, World Development, 25, 763, 10.1016/S0305-750X(96)00132-5
Barrett, 1998, Wildlife harvest in integrated conservation and development projects: linking harvest to household demand, agricultural production and environmental shocks in the Serengeti, Land Economics, 74, 449, 10.2307/3146878
Barrett, C.B., Reardon, T., 2000. Asset, Activity, and Income Diversifications Among African Agriculturalist: Some Practical Issues. Project report to USAID BASIS CRSP, March 2000.
Barrett, C.B., Bezuneh, M., Clay, D., Reardon, T., 2000. Heterogeneous Constraints, Incentives and Income Diversification Strategies in Rural Africa. Mimeo.
Bernstein, 1992
Bryceson, 1997
Carter, 1999, Poverty, livelihood and class in rural South Africa, World Development, 27, 1, 10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00129-6
Carter, M.R., May, J., 2001. One kind of freedom: poverty dynamics in post-apartheid South Africa. World Development, in press.
de Janvry, 1991, Peasant household behaviour with missing markets: some paradoxes explained, Economic Journal, 101, 1400, 10.2307/2234892
Dercon, 1998, Wealth, risk and activity choice: cattle in western Tanzania, Journal of Development Economics, 55, 1, 10.1016/S0304-3878(97)00054-0
Dercon, 1996, Income portfolios in rural Ethiopia and Tanzania: choices and constraints, Journal of Development Studies, 32, 850, 10.1080/00220389608422443
Ellis, 1998, Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification, Journal of Development Studies, 35, 1, 10.1080/00220389808422553
Ellis, 2000
Francis, 1993, Migration and differentiation in Western Kenya: a tale of two sub-locations, Journal of Development Studies, 30, 115, 10.1080/00220389308422307
Haggblade, 1989, Farm-nonfarm linkages in rural Sub-Saharan Africa, World Development, 17, 1173, 10.1016/0305-750X(89)90232-5
Little, P.D., Smith, K., Cellarius, B.A., Coppock, D.L., Barrett, C.B.,. 2001. Avoiding disaster: diversification and risk management among East African herders. Development and Change, in press.
McPeak, 2001, Differential risk exposure and stochastic poverty traps among East African pastoralists, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 83, 10.1111/0002-9092.00189
Omamo, 1998, Farm-to-market transaction costs and specialisation in small-scale agriculture explorations with a non-separable household model, Journal of Development Studies, 35, 152, 10.1080/00220389808422568
Pietola, 1998, Adoption of improved land-use technologies to increase food security in Burkina Faso: relating animal traction productivity and nonfarm income, Agricultural Systems, 58, 441, 10.1016/S0308-521X(98)00040-7
Reardon, 1997, Using evidence of household income diversification to inform study of the rural nonfarm labor market in Africa, World Development, 25, 735, 10.1016/S0305-750X(96)00137-4
Reardon, 1999, Policy reforms and sustainable agricultural intensification in Africa, Development Policy Review, 17, 375, 10.1111/1467-7679.00093
Reardon, 1994, Links between nonfarm income and farm investment in African households adding the capital market perspective, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 76, 1172, 10.2307/1243412
Reardon, 1992, Determinants and effects of income diversification amongst farm households in Burkina Faso, Journal of Development Studies, 28, 264, 10.1080/00220389208422232
Reardon, T., Matlon, P., 1989. Seasonal food insecurity and vulnerability in drought-affected regions of Burkina Faso. In: Sahn, D. (Ed.), Seasonal Variability in Third World Agriculture: The Consequences for Food Security. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Reardon, 1988, Coping with household-level food insecurity in drought-affected areas of Burkina Faso, World Development, 16, 1065, 10.1016/0305-750X(88)90109-X
Reardon, T., Stamoulis, K., Balisacan, A., Cruz, M.E., Berdegue, J., Banks, B., 1998. Rural nonfarm income in developing countries. Special chapter in The State of Food and Agriculture 1998. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome..
Reardon, 1996, Agroclimatic shock income inequality and poverty evidence from Burkina Faso, World Development, 24, 901, 10.1016/0305-750X(96)00009-5
Reardon, 2000, Effects of nonfarm employment on rural income inequality in developing countries: an investment perspective, Journal of Agricultural Economics, 51, 266, 10.1111/j.1477-9552.2000.tb01228.x
Saith, 1992
von Braun, J., Pandya-Lorch, R. (Eds.), 1991. Income Source of Malnourished People in Rural Areas: Microlevel Information and Policy Implications. IFPRI Working Paper on Commercialization of Agriculture and Nutrition no. 5.
Webb, 1992, Drought Impact and Household Response in East and West Africa, Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 31, 230