Non-polymeric nano-carriers in HIV/AIDS drug delivery and targeting

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews - Tập 62 Số 4-5 - Trang 478-490 - 2010
Umesh Gupta1, N. K. Jain
1Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) 470003, India.

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Ingraham, 2000, Introduction to microbiology, 336

Janse van Rensburg, 2000, The origin of HIV, S. Afr. J. Sci., 96, 267

CDC (Centers for Disease Control), 1982, Updates on aquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) — United States, MMWR, 31, 507

Ojewale, 2008, Exploring the use of novel drug delivery systems for antiretrtroviral drugs, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 70, 697, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.06.020

http://www.avert.org/worldstats.htm (downloaded on 10.05.2009).

Gallo, 1987, The chronology of AIDS research, Nature, 326, 435, 10.1038/326435a0

Gallo, 1984, Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS, Science, 224, 500, 10.1126/science.6200936

Popovic, 1984, Detection, isolation and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS, Science, 224, 497, 10.1126/science.6200935

Gallo, 1982, Human retroviruses and adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 69, 1209

Levy, 1984, Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS, Science, 225, 840, 10.1126/science.6206563

Wofsy, 1986, Isolation of AIDS-associated retrovirus from genital secretions of women with antibodies to the virus, Lancet, 8, 527, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90885-8

Wain-Hobson, 1985, Nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, LAV, Cell, 40, 9, 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90303-4

Ratner, 1985, HTLV-II, LAV, ARV are variant of same AIDS virus, Nature, 313, 636, 10.1038/313636c0

Sanchez-Pescador, 1985, Nucleoside sequence and expression of an AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV-2), Science, 227, 484, 10.1126/science.2578227

Coffin, 1986, Human immunodeficiency viruses, Science, 232, 697, 10.1126/science.3008335

Fauci, 1988, The human immunodeficiency virus: infectivity and mechanisms of pathogenesis, Science, 239, 617, 10.1126/science.3277274

Temin, 1988, Mechanisms of cell killing/cytopathic effects by nonhuman retroviruses, Rev. Infect. Dis., 10, 399, 10.1093/clinids/10.2.399

Temin, 1989, unique or merely different?, J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2, 1

Stowring, 1979, Serological definition of the lentivirus group of retroviruses, J. Virol., 29, 523, 10.1128/JVI.29.2.523-528.1979

Gonda, 1985, Sequence homology and morphologic similarity of HTLV-III and visna virus, a pathologic lentivirus, Science, 227, 173, 10.1126/science.2981428

Haase, 1986, Pathogenesis of lentivirus infections, Nature, 322, 130, 10.1038/322130a0

Weiss, 1993, Cellular receptors and viral glycoproteins involved in retrovirus entry, 1

Moore, 1993, The HIV-cell fusion reaction, 233

Clapham, 2002, Cell surface receptors, virus entry and tropism of primate lentiviruses, J. Gen. Virol., 83, 1809, 10.1099/0022-1317-83-8-1809

Farnet, 1991, Determination of viral proteins present in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 preintegration complex, J. Virol., 65, 1910, 10.1128/JVI.65.4.1910-1915.1991

Popov, 1998, Viral protein R regulates nuclear import of the HIV-1 pre-integration complex, EMBO J., 17, 909, 10.1093/emboj/17.4.909

Le Rouzic, 2005, The Vpr protein from HIV-1: distinct roles along the viral life cycle, Retrovirology, 2, 11, 10.1186/1742-4690-2-11

Haffar, 2005, Nuclear translocation as a novel target for anti-HIV drugs, Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther., 3, 41, 10.1586/14787210.3.1.41

Van Maele, 2005, HIV-1 integration: an interplay between HIV-1 integrase, cellular and viral proteins, AIDS Rev., 7, 26

Bushman, 2002, Integration site selection by lentiviruses: biology and possible control, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 261, 165

Schroeder, 2002, HIV-genome integration in one the human genome favors active genes and hotspots, Cell, 110, 521, 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00864-4

Nguyen, 2000, Evidence for budding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 selectivity from glycolipid-enriched membrane lipid rafts, J. Virol., 74, 3264, 10.1128/JVI.74.7.3264-3272.2000

Ono, 2001, Plasma membrane rafts play a critical role in HIV-1 assembly and release, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 13925, 10.1073/pnas.241320298

Freed, 2002, Viral late domains, J. Virol., 76, 4679, 10.1128/JVI.76.10.4679-4687.2002

Gould, 2003, the Trojan exosome hypothesis, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 10592, 10.1073/pnas.1831413100

Schrager, 1998, Cellular and anatomical reservoirs of HIV-1 in patients receiving potent antiretroviral combination therapy, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 280, 67, 10.1001/jama.280.1.67

Sierra, 2005, Basics of virology of HIV-1 and its replication, J. Clin. Virol., 34, 233, 10.1016/j.jcv.2005.09.004

Zeldin, 2004, Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of retonavir-boosted protease inhibitor therapy in HIV-infected patients, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 53, 4, 10.1093/jac/dkh029

Clercq, 2004, HIV chemotherapy and prophylaxis: new drugs, leads and approaches, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 36, 1800, 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.015

Menne, 2008, Antiviral effects of lamivudine, emtricitabine, adefovir dipivoxil, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate administered orally alone and in combination to woodchucks with chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 52, 3617, 10.1128/AAC.00654-08

Clercq, 2002, New ant-HIV agents and targets, Med. Res. Rev., 22, 531, 10.1002/med.10021

Reinke, 2002, Dicaffeoyltartaric acid analogues inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase and HIV-1 replication at nontoxic concentrations, J. Med. Chem., 45, 3669, 10.1021/jm010359d

King, 1998, Resistance to the anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 compound L-chicoric acid results from a single mutation at amino acid 140 of integrase, J. Virol., 72, 8420, 10.1128/JVI.72.10.8420-8424.1998

Clercq, 2001, New developments in anti-HIV chemotherapy, II Farmaco, 56, 3, 10.1016/S0014-827X(01)01007-2

Highleyman, 2003

Pieribone, 2002

Shahiwala, 2007, Nanotechnology based delivery systems in HIV/AIDS therapy, Future HIV Ther., 1, 10.2217/17469600.1.1.49

Vyas, 2006, Nanoparticulate drug carriers for delivery of HIV/AIDS therapy to viral reservoir sites, Expert Opin. Drug. Deliv., 3, 613, 10.1517/17425247.3.5.613

Amiji, 2006, Role of nanotechnology in HIV/AIDS treatment: potential to overcome the viral reservoir challenge, Discov. Med., 6, 157

Li, 1999, Transport, metabolism and elimination mechanisms of anti-HIV agents, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 39, 81, 10.1016/S0169-409X(99)00021-6

Xiang, 2002, Transbuccal delivery of 2’, 3’-dideoxycytidine: in vitro permeation study and histological investigation, Int. J. Pharm., 231, 57, 10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00865-1

Mirchandani, 1993, Drug delivery approaches for anti-HIV drugs, Int. J. Pharm., 95, 1, 10.1016/0378-5173(93)90385-S

Gupta, 2006, Dendrimers: novel polymeric nano-architectures for solubility enhancement, Biomacromolecules, 7, 649, 10.1021/bm050802s

Covreur, 2006, Nanotechnology: intelligent design to treat complex disease, Pharm. Res., 23, 1417, 10.1007/s11095-006-0284-8

Lockman, 2002, Nanoparticle technology for drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 28, 1, 10.1081/DDC-120001481

Nahar, 2006, Functional polymeric nanoparticles: an efficient and promising tool for active delivery of bioactives, Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst., 23, 259, 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v23.i4.10

Satija, 2007, Pharmaceutical and biomedical potential of surface engineered dendrimers, Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst., 24, 261, 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v24.i3.20

Weiss, 1993, How does HIV cause AIDS, Science, 260, 1273, 10.1126/science.8493571

Schafer, 1992, Phagocytosis of nanoparticles by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected macrophages: a possibility for antiviral drug targeting, Pharm. Res., 9, 541, 10.1023/A:1015852732512

Lobenberg, 1998, Body distribution of azidothymidine bound to hexyl-cyanoacrylate nanoparticles after i.v. injection to rats, J. Control. Release, 50, 21, 10.1016/S0168-3659(97)00105-3

Bender, 1996, Efficiency of nanoparticles as a carrier system for antiviral agents in human immunodeficiency virus-infected human monocytes/macrophages in vitro, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40, 1467, 10.1128/AAC.40.6.1467

Kuo, 2006, Effect of nanoparticulate polybutylcyanoacrylate and methylmethacrylate-sulfopropylmethacrylate on the permeability of zidovudine and lamivudine across the in vitro blood–brain barrier, Int. J. Pharm., 327, 160, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.07.044

Kuo, 2007, Transport of stavudine, delavirdine, and saquinavir across the blood–brain barrier by polybutylcyanoacrylate methyl methacrylate sulfopropyl methacrylate and solid lipid nanoparticles, Int. J. Pharm., 340, 143, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.03.012

Agrawal, 2007, Glycoconjugated Peptide dendrimers based nanoparticulate system for the delivery of chloroquine phosphate, Biomaterials, 28, 3349, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.04.004

Singh, 2008, Folate and folate-PEG-PAMAM dendrimers: synthesis, characterization and targeted anticancer drug delivery potential in tumor induced mice, Bioconjug. Chem., 19, 2239, 10.1021/bc800125u

Gupta, 2007, Polypropylene imine dendrimer mediated solubility enhancement: effect of pH and functional groups of hydrophobes, J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 10, 358

Gupta, 2006, A review of in vitro-in vivo investigations on dendrimers: the novel nanoscopic drug carriers, Nanomed. Nanotech. Biol. Med., 2, 66, 10.1016/j.nano.2006.04.002

Agarwal, 2009, Dextran conjugated dendrtitic nanoconstructs as potential vectors for anti-cancer agent, Biomaterials, 30, 3588, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.03.016

Bhadra, 2003, A PEGylated dendritic nanoparticulate carrier of fluorouracil, Int. J. Pharm., 257, 111, 10.1016/S0378-5173(03)00132-7

Kumar, 2006, Intracellular macrophage uptake of rifampicin loaded mannosylated dendrimers, J. Drug Target., 14, 546, 10.1080/10611860600825159

Chauhan, 2003, Dendrimer-mediated transdermal delivery: enhanced bioavailability of indomethacin, J. Control. Release, 90, 335, 10.1016/S0168-3659(03)00200-1

Esfand, 2001, Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers: from biomimicry to drug delivery and biomedical applications, Drug Discov. Today, 6, 427, 10.1016/S1359-6446(01)01757-3

Tekade, 2009, Dendrimers in oncology: an expanding horizon, Chem. Rev., 109, 49, 10.1021/cr068212n

Dutta, 2007, Targeting potential and anti-HIV activity of lamivudine loaded mannosylated poly (propyleneimine) dendrimer, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1770, 681, 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.12.007

Dutta, 2007, Poly (propyleneimine) dendrimer based nanocontainers for targeting of efavirenz to human monocytes/macrophages in vitro, J. Drug Target., 15, 89, 10.1080/10611860600965914

Dutta, 2008, Targeting of efavirenz loaded tuftsin conjugated poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers to HIV infected macrophages in vitro, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 34, 181, 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.04.002

Castor, 2005, Phospholipid nanosomes, Curr. Drug Deliv., 2, 329, 10.2174/156720105774370195

Gupta, 2005, Intracellular delivery of large molecules and small particles by cell-penetrating proteins and peptides, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 57, 637, 10.1016/j.addr.2004.10.007

Voinea, 2002, Designing of ‘intelligent’ liposomes for efficient delivery of drugs, J. Cell. Mol. Med., 6, 465, 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2002.tb00450.x

Agrawal, 2000, Tuftsin-bearing liposomes in treatment of macrophage-based infections, Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev., 41, 135, 10.1016/S0169-409X(99)00061-7

Kozubek, 2000, Liposomal drug delivery, a novel approach: PLARosomes, Acta Biochim. Pol., 47, 639, 10.18388/abp.2000_3985

Sharma, 1997, Liposomes in drug delivery: progress and limitations, Int. J. Pharm., 154, 123, 10.1016/S0378-5173(97)00135-X

Desormeaux, 1998, Liposomes as drug delivery system: a strategic approach for the treatment of HIV infection, J. Drug Target., 6, 1, 10.3109/10611869808997877

Prior, 2002, In vitro phagocytosis and monocyte–macrophage activation with poly(lactide) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 15, 197, 10.1016/S0928-0987(01)00218-4

Karlowsky, 1992, Concepts on the use of liposomal antimicrobial agents: applications for aminoglycosides, Clin. Infect. Dis., 15, 654, 10.1093/clind/15.4.654

Vitas, 1996, Effect of composition and method of preparation of liposomes on their stability and interaction with murine monocytes infected with Brucella abortus, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40, 146, 10.1128/AAC.40.1.146

Katragadda, 2000, Effect of liposome composition and cholesterol on the cellular uptake of stavudine by human monocyte/macrophages, Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett., 5, 483

Ahsan, 2002, Targeting to macrophages: Role of physicochemical properties of particulate carriers-liposomes and microspheres-on the phagocytosis by macrophages, J. Control. Release, 79, 29, 10.1016/S0168-3659(01)00549-1

Lanao, 2007, Recent advances in delivery systems for anti-HIV1 therapy, J. Drug Target., 15, 21, 10.1080/10611860600942178

Szebeni, 1990, Inhibition of HIV-1 in monocyte/ macrophage cultures by 2’, 3’-dideoxycytidine-5’-triphosphate, free and in liposomes, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 6, 691, 10.1089/aid.1990.6.691

Betageri, 1993, Stability of antibody-bearing liposomes containing dideoxyinosine triphosphate, Int. J. Pharm., 98, 149, 10.1016/0378-5173(93)90051-G

Phillips, 1991, Liposomal encapsulation of 3`-azido-3`- deoxythymidine (AZT) results in decreased bone marrow toxicity and enhanced activity against murine AIDS-induced immunosuppression, J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 4, 959

Phillips, 1992, Liposomal encapsulation of azidothymidine results in decreased hematopoietic toxicity and enhanced activity against murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Blood, 79, 1137, 10.1182/blood.V79.5.1137.1137

Jain, 2006, Sustained and targeted delivery of an anti-HIV agent using elastic liposomal formulation: mechanism of action, Curr. Drug Deliv., 3, 157, 10.2174/156720106776359221

Jain, 2008, PEGylated elastic liposomal formulation for lymphatic targeting of zidovudine, Curr. Drug Deliv., 5, 275, 10.2174/156720108785915078

Jin, 2005, Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of zidovudine in rats following intravenous administration of zidovudine myristate loaded liposomes, Pharmazie, 60, 840

Vyas, 2006, Development and characterization of emulsomes for sustained and targeted delivery of an antiviral agent to liver, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 58, 321, 10.1211/jpp.58.3.0005

Wu, 2007, The distribution of azidothymidine palmitate galactosylated liposomes in mice, Acta Pharm. Sin., 42, 538, 10.1360/aps060002

Garg, 2006, Reduced hematopoietic toxicity, enhanced cellular uptake and altered pharmacokinetics of azidothymidine loaded galactosylated liposomes, J. Drug Target., 14, 1, 10.1080/10611860500525370

Kaur, 2008, Lymphatic targeting of zidovudine using surface-engineered liposomes, J. Drug Target., 16, 798, 10.1080/10611860802475688

Garg, 2006, Stavudine-loaded mannosylated liposomes: in-vitro anti-HIV-I activity, tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 58, 605, 10.1211/jpp.58.5.0005

Garg, 2007, Stability study of stavudine-loaded O-palmitoyl-anchored carbohydrate-coated liposomes, AAPS PharmSciTech, 8, E1, 10.1208/pt0802038

Garg, 2007, Reduced hepatic toxicity, enhanced cellular uptake and altered pharmacokinetics of stavudine loaded galactosylated liposomes, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 67, 76, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2006.12.019

Garg, 2008, Radiolabeling, pharmacoscintigraphic evaluation and antiretroviral efficacy of stavudine loaded 99mTc labeled galactosylated liposomes, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 33, 271, 10.1016/j.ejps.2007.12.006

Faulds, 1992, Didanosine: a review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential in human immunodeficiency virus infection, Drugs, 44, 94, 10.2165/00003495-199244010-00008

Ray, 1990, Pharmacokinetics of the anti-AIDS drug 2', 3'-dideoxyinosine in the rat, Drug Metab. Dispos., 18, 654

Désormeaux, 1994, Antiviral efficacy, intracellular uptake and pharmacokinetics of free and liposome-encapsulated 2', 3'-dideoxyinosine, AIDS, 8, 1545-1153, 10.1097/00002030-199411000-00005

Harvie, 1995, Lymphoid tissues targeting of liposome-encapsulated 2’, 3’- dideoxyinosine, AIDS, 9, 701, 10.1097/00002030-199507000-00006

Harvie, 1996, Comparative pharmacokinetics, distributions in tissue, and interactions with blood proteins of conventional and sterically stabilized liposomes containing 2’, 3’-dideoxyinosine, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40, 225, 10.1128/AAC.40.1.225

Kompella, 1999, Effect of neutral liposomes on corneal and conjunctival transport of didanosine, Drug Deliv., 6, 9, 10.1080/107175499267101

Lalanne, 2007, Synthesis and biological evaluation of two glycerolipidic prodrugs of didanosine for direct lymphatic delivery against HIV, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 17, 2237, 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.062

Lalanne, 2007, Liposomal formulation of a glycerolipidic prodrug for lymphatic delivery of didanosine via oral route, Int. J. Pharm., 344, 62, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.05.064

Kim, 1990, Direct cerebrospinal fluid delivery of an antiretroviral agent using multivesicular liposomes, J. Infect. Dis., 162, 750, 10.1093/infdis/162.3.750

Makabi-Panzu, 1994, Comparison of cellular accumulation, tissue distribution, and anti-HIV activity of free and liposomal 2', 3'-dideoxycytidine, AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir., 10, 1463, 10.1089/aid.1994.10.1463

Makabi-Panzu, 1995, Uptake and binding of liposomal 2’, 3’- dideoxycytidine by RAW 264.7 cells: a three-step process, J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Human Retrovirol., 8, 227, 10.1097/00042560-199503010-00002

Makabi-Panzu, 1998, Intracellular and serum stability of liposomal 2’,3’-dideoxycytidine. Effect of lipid composition, Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand), 44, 277

Rossi, 1992, In vitro and in vivo toxicity of 2’, 3’-dideoxycytidine in mice, Chem. Biol. Interact., 85, 255, 10.1016/0009-2797(92)90066-T

Oussoren, 1999, Liposomes as carriers of the antiretroviral agent dideoxycytidine-50-triphosphate, Int. J. Pharm., 180, 261, 10.1016/S0378-5173(99)00016-2

Gagne, 2002, Targeted delivery of indinavir to HIV-1 primary reservoirs with immunoliposomes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1558, 198, 10.1016/S0005-2736(01)00432-1

Kinman, 2003, Lipid–drug association enhanced HIV-1 protease inhibitor indinavir localization in lymphoid tissues and viral load reduction: a proof of concept study in HIV-2287-infected macaques, J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr., 34, 387, 10.1097/00126334-200312010-00005

Kapitza, 2007, Absorption of poorly water soluble drugs subject to apical efflux using phospholipids as solubilizers in the Caco-2 cell model, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 66, 146, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2006.08.010

Müller, 2000, Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery — a review of the state of the art, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 50, 161, 10.1016/S0939-6411(00)00087-4

Mehnert, 2001, Solid lipid nanoparticles: production, characterization and applications, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 47, 165, 10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00105-3

Date, 2007, Parasitic diseases: liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles versus lipid nanoparticles, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 59, 505, 10.1016/j.addr.2007.04.009

Bummer, 2004, Physical chemical considerations of lipid-based oral drug delivery-solid lipid nanoparticles, Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst., 21, 1, 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v21.i1.10

Manjunath, 2005, Solid lipid nanoparticles as drug delivery systems, Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 27, 127, 10.1358/mf.2005.27.2.876286

Mueller, 2002, Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic and dermatological preparations, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 54, S131, 10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00118-7

Shahgaldian, 2003, Para-acyl-calix-arene based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): a detailed study of preparation and stability parameters, Int. J. Pharm., 253, 23, 10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00639-7

Müller, 2000, Large scale production of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanosuspensions (DissoCubes), 359

Gohla, 2001, Scaling up feasibility of the production of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), Pharmazie, 56, 61

Marengo, 2000, Scale-up of the preparation process of solid lipid nanospheres: part I, Int. J. Pharm., 205, 3, 10.1016/S0378-5173(00)00471-3

Heiati, 1997, Solid lipid nanoparticles as drug carriers I. Incorporation and retention of the lipophilic prodrug 3’-azido- 3’-deoxythymidine palmitate, Int. J. Pharm., 146, 123, 10.1016/S0378-5173(96)04782-5

Heiati, 1998, Solid lipid nanoparticles as drug carriers II. Plasma stability and biodistribution of solid lipid nanoparticles containing the lipophilic prodrug 3’-azido-3’-deoxythymidine palmitate in mice, Int. J. Pharm., 174, 71, 10.1016/S0378-5173(98)00236-1

Mainardes, 2009, Zidovudine-loaded PLA and PLA-PEG blend nanoparticles: influence of polymer type on phagocytic uptake by polymorphonuclear cells, J. Pharm. Sci., 98, 257, 10.1002/jps.21406

Kuo, 2008, Electromagnetic interference in the permeability of saquinavir across the blood–brain barrier using nanoparticulate carriers, Int. J. Pharm., 351, 271, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.09.020

Kuo, 2005, Loading efficiency of stavudine on polybutylcyanoacrylate and methylmethacrylate-sulfopropylmethacrylate copolymer nanoparticles, Int. J. Pharm., 290, 161, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.11.025

Chattopadhyay, 2008, Solid lipid nanoparticles enhance the delivery of the HIV protease inhibitor, atazanavir, by a human brain endothelial cell line, Pharm. Res., 25, 2262, 10.1007/s11095-008-9615-2

Touitou, 2000, Ethosomes novel vesicular carriers for enhanced delivery: characterization and skin penetration properties, J. Control. Release, 65, 403, 10.1016/S0168-3659(99)00222-9

E. Touitou, Inventor. Composition of applying active substance to or through the skin. US patent 5 540 934. July 30, 1996.

E. Touitou, Inventor. Composition of applying active substance to or through the skin, US patent 5 716 638. October 2, 1998.

Touitou, 2001, Intracellular delivery mediated by an ethosomal carrier, Biomaterials, 22, 3053, 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00052-7

Dubey, 2007, Vesicles as tools for the modulation of skin permeability, Expert Opin. Drug Deliv., 4, 579, 10.1517/17425247.4.6.579

Dayan, 2000, Carriers for skin delivery of trihexyphenidyl HCl: ethosomes vs. liposomes, Biomaterials, 21, 1879, 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00063-6

Jain, 2004, Ethosomes: a novel vesicular carrier for enhanced transdermal delivery of an anti-HIV agent, Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 66, 72

Jain, 2007, Formulation and evaluation of ethosomes for transdermal delivery of lamivudine, AAPS PharmSciTech, 8, E1, 10.1208/pt0804111

Sarker, 2005, Engineering of nanoemulsions for drug delivery, Cur. Drug Deliv., 2, 297, 10.2174/156720105774370267

Tadros, 2004, Formation and stability of nano-emulsions, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 109, 303, 10.1016/j.cis.2003.10.023

Constantinides, 2008, Advances in lipid nano-dispersions for parenteral drug delivery and targeting, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 60, 757, 10.1016/j.addr.2007.10.013

Vyas, 2008, Improved oral bioavailability and brain transport of saquinavir upon administration in novel nanoemulsion formulations, Int. J. Pharm., 347, 93, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.06.016

Heurtault, 2002, A novel phase inversion-based process for the preparation of lipid nanocarriers, Pharm. Res., 19, 875, 10.1023/A:1016121319668

Pereira, 2005, Tissue distribution of indinavir administered as solid lipid nanocapsule formulation in mdr1a (+/+) and mdr1a (−/−) CF-1 mice, Pharm. Res., 22, 1898, 10.1007/s11095-005-7147-6

Berry, 2008, Intracellular delivery of nanoparticles via HIV-1 tat peptide, Nanomedicine, 3, 357, 10.2217/17435889.3.3.357

Wan, 2006, Novel multi-component nanopharmaceuticals derived from poly(ethylene) glycol, retro-inverso-Tat nonapeptide and saquinavir demonstrate combined anti-HIV effects, AIDS Res. Ther., 3, 12, 10.1186/1742-6405-3-12

Van Eerdenbrugh, 2007, Characterization of physico-chemical properties and pharmaceutical performance of sucrose co-freeze-dried solid nanoparticulate powders of the anti-HIV agent loviride prepared by media milling, Int. J. Pharm., 338, 198, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.02.005

Baerta, 2009, Development of a long-acting injectable with nanoparticles of rilpivirine (TMC278) for HIV treatment, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 72, 502, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.03.006