Non-differential measurement error does not always bias diagnostic likelihood ratios towards the null
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Wacholder S, Hartge P, Lubin JH, Dosemeci M: Non-differential misclassification and bias towards the null: a clarification.[comment]. Occupational & Environmental Medicine. 1995, 52: 557-558.
Szklo M, Nieto FJ: Epidemiology : beyond the basics Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen; 2000, 125-126.
Rothman KJ: Epidemiology : an introduction New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press; 2002:94-95.
Webster's new millennium dictionary ofEnglish. Preview. edn. 2005 http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=systematic%20error Long Beach, CA: Lexicon Publishing Group 3-16-06.
Pepe MS, Janes H, Longton G, Leisenring W, Newcomb P: Limitations of the odds ratio in gauging the performance of a diagnostic, prognostic, or screening marker. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004, 159: 882-890. 10.1093/aje/kwh101
Simel DL, Samsa GP, Matchar DB: Likelihood ratios for continuous test results – making the clinicians' job easier or harder?[erratum appears in J Clin Epidemiol 1993 Nov;46(11);1295]. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1993, 46: 85-93. 10.1016/0895-4356(93)90012-P
Choi BC: Slopes of a receiver operating characteristic curve and likelihood ratios for a diagnostic test. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1998, 148: 1127-1132.
Zweig MH, Campbell G: Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots: A fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine. Clinical Chemistry. 1993, 39: 561-577.
Greiner M, Pfeiffer D, Smith RD: Principles and practical application of the receiver-operating characteristic analysis for diagnostic tests. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2000, 45: 23-41. 10.1016/S0167-5877(00)00115-X
Armstrong BG: Effect of measurement error on epidemiological studies of environmental and occupational exposures. Occupational & Environmental Medicine. 1998, 55: 651-656.
Mertens TE: Estimating the effects of misclassification.[see comment]. Lancet. 1993, 342: 418-421. 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92820-J
Copeland KT, Checkoway H, McMichael AJ, Holbrook RH: Bias due to misclassification in the estimation of relative risk. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1977, 105: 488-495.
Gladen B, Rogan WJ: Misclassification and the design of environmental studies. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1979, 109: 607-616.
Barron BA: The effects of misclassification on the estimation of relative risk. Biometrics. 1977, 33: 414-418. 10.2307/2529795
Birkett NJ: Effect of nondifferential misclassification on estimates of odds ratios with multiple levels of exposure. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1992, 136: 356-362.
Correa-Villasenor A, Stewart WF, Franco-Marina F, Seacat H: Bias from nondifferential misclassification in case-control studies with three exposure levels. Epidemiology. 1995, 6: 276-281.
Wacholder S: When measurement errors correlate with truth: surprising effects of nondifferential misclassification. Epidemiology. 1995, 6: 157-161.
Dosemeci M, Wacholder S, Lubin JH: Does nondifferential misclassification of exposure always bias a true effect toward the null value?[see comment]. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1990, 132: 746-748.
Peeters PHM: Re: "Does Nondifferential Misclassification of Exposure Always Bias a True Effect toward the Null Value". American Journal of Epidemiology. 1991, 134: 439-440.
Brenner H: Re: "Does Nondifferential Misclassification of Exposure Always Bias a True Effect toward the Null Value". American Journal of Epidemiology. 1991, 134: 438-439.
Flegal KM, Keyl PM, Nieto FJ: Differential misclassification arising from nondifferential errors in exposure measurement. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1991, 134: 1233-1244.
Sorahan T, Gilthorpe MS: Non-differential misclassification of exposure always leads to an underestimate of risk: an incorrect conclusion.[see comment]. Occupational & Environmental Medicine. 1994, 51: 839-840.
Fosgate GT, Adesiyun AA, Hird DW, Hietala SK, Ryan J: Isolation of Brucella abortus biovar 1 from cattle and water buffalo of Trinidad. The Veterinary Record. 2002, 151: 272-273.
Fosgate GT, Adesiyun AA, Hird DW, Johnson WO, Hietala SK, Schurig GG, Ryan J: Estimation of receiver-operating characteristic curves to determine accuracy of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of Brucella infection in domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2003, 64: 57-64. 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.57
@Risk Version 4.5.2. Palisade Corporation, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Fosgate GT, Adesiyun AA, Hird DW, Hietala SK: Likelihood ratio estimation without a gold standard: a case study evaluating a brucellosis c-ELISA in cattle and water buffalo of Trinidad. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2006, 75: 189-205.
Munem MA, Foulis DJ: Calculus with analytic geometry 2nd edition. New York, N.Y.: Worth Publishers; 1984, 338-342.
Gustafson P, Le Nhu D: Comparing the effects of continuous and discrete covariate mismeasurement, with emphasis on the dichotomization of mismeasured predictors. Biometrics. 2002, 58: 878-887. 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2002.00878.x
Brenner H, Loomis D: Varied forms of bias due to nondifferential error in measuring exposure. Epidemiology. 1994, 5: 510-517.
Brenner H, Blettner M: Misclassification bias arising from random error in exposure measurement: implications for dual measurement strategies. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1993, 138: 453-461.
Nielsen KH, Kelly L, Gall D, Bossé J, Pulkkinen W: A competitive enzyme immunoassay for the detection of serum antibody to Brucella abortus: APHD Standard Protocol Version 2.0 Nepean, Ontario, Canada: Animal Diseases Research Institute; 1994.
