Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural land use in Germany— a synthesis of available annual field data
Tóm tắt
The nations that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol must set up an appropriate national inventory on N2O emissions from agricultural land use, in order to report properly on the achievements made in reducing greenhouse‐gas emissions. The search for the appropriate method is a controversial topic as it is subject to high uncertainty in particular associated to the upscaling from site measurements. In this study, all available data from Germany on annual N2O‐emission rates derived from field experiments of at least an entire year are summarized. From each study, only differences in soil properties on N input qualified as an individual data set. Under these premises, 101 treatments from 27 sites were found equally spread across Germany. The annual N application ranged from 0 to 400 kg N ha–1 and the annual emission rates from 0.04 to 17.1 kg ha–1. Annual emission factors (EFs), uncorrected for background emission, varied considerably from 0.18% to 15.54% of N applied. There was no nationwide correlation found for the relationship between N2O losses and N application, soil C, soil N, soil texture, or soil pH. However, site‐specific trends in the relationship between emission factor and mean soil aeration status, as expressed by the soil type and/or mean climatic conditions, were revealed. Regularly water‐logged soils were characterized by low emission factors as were soils from the drier regions (<600 mm y–1), whereas well‐aerated soils from the frost‐intensive regions showed exceptionally high emission factors. Since purely physical and chemical parameterization failed to describe N2O emissions from agricultural land use on the national scale, there must be a biological adaptation to mean site conditions,
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Barabasz W., 2002, Biological effects of mineral nitrogen fertilization on soil microorganisms., Polish J. Environ. Stud., 11, 193
1998, Systematik der Böden und der bodenbildenden Substrate Deutschlands., Mitteilgn. Dtsch. Bodenkundl. Gesellsch., 86, 1
Dörsch P.(1999): Nitrous oxide and methane fluxes in differentially managed agricultural soils of a hilly landscape in Southern Germany. Ph.D. Thesis Technical University of Munich Germany.
DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst)(1999): Klimaatlas der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Teil 1. DWD Offenbach.
DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst)(2001): Klimaatlas der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Teil 2. DWD Offenbach.
DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst)(2003) Klimaatlas der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Teil 3. DWD Offenbach.
Ernst M.(1997): N2O‐ und CH4‐Flußraten einer Ackerbaufläche – Quantifizierung Parametrisierung und Frost/Tau‐Zyklen im Winter. Ph.D. Thesis University of Braunschweig Germany.
FAO(1998): World Reference Base of Soil Resources. Rome.
Firestone M. K. Davidson E. A.(1989): Microbiological basis of NO and N2O production and consumption in soil in Andreae M. O. John S. D. S. (eds.): Exchange of Trace Gases between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere. Wiley & Sons New York.
Granli T., 1994, Nitrous oxide from agriculture., Norw. J. Agricult. Sci. Suppl., 12, 7
Hellebrand H. J., 2005, N2O release during cultivation of energy crops., Agrartech. Forsch., 11, E114
Hoffmann C.(1999): Lachgasemissionen auf Dauergrünland unterschiedlicher Standorte mit Schnittnutzung und differenzierter Stickstoffdüngung. Ph.D. Thesis University of Bonn Germany.
IPCC(1997): Revised 1996 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. The Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development Paris.
IPCC Climate Change(2001): The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assesment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press Cambridge United Kingdom and New York NY USA.
Kaiser E.‐A., 2000, Nitrous oxide emissions from arable soils in Germany: An evaluation of six long‐term field experiments., J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 166, 533
Kilian A., 1998, N2O‐emissions following long‐term organic fertilization at different levels., Agribiol. Res., 51, 27
Knowles R.(2000): Nitrogen Cycle in Lederberg J. (ed.): Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Academic Press San Diego pp. 379–391.
Leidel S.(2000): N‐Salden und Emissionen der klimarelevanten Spurengase Lachgas und Methan unter den Standortbedingungen Nordostdeutschlands als Indikatoren der umweltgerechten Landbewirtschaftung. Ph.D. Thesis University of Rostock Germany.
Model A.(2004): Spurengasflüsse (N2O CH4 CO2) in Anbausystemen des Ökologischen Landbaus. Ph.D. Thesis University of Halle‐Wittenberg Germany.
Poggemann S., 1999, N2O emissions of differently cultivated sheep pastures., Ber. Landw., 77, 113
Poggemann S.(2001): N‐Applikation und N2O‐Emissionen von Weideland unter variierenden Bedingungen. Ph.D. Thesis University of Gießen Germany.
Schmädeke F.(1998): Lachgas‐ und Methanflüsse eines Gley‐Auenbodens unter dem Einfluß einer Rapsfruchtfolge und in Abhängigkeit von der N‐Düngung. Ph.D. Thesis University of Göttingen Germany.
Schmidt U., 1998, Einfluß von Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen und Umweltfaktoren auf Lachgas (N2O)‐Emissionen aus landwirtschaftlich genutzten Lößböden., Hohenheimer Bodenkundliche Hefte, 45, 1
Sehy U.(2004): N2O‐Freisetzungen aus Ackerböden – Der Einfluss der Bewirtschaftung und des Standortes. Ökom Verlag München p. 129.
Teepe R.(1999): Quantifizierung der klimarelevanten Spurengasflüsse Lachgas (N2O) und Methan (CH4) beim Anbau der nachwachsenden Rohstoffe Pappelholz und Rapsöl. Forschungszentrum Waldökosysteme der Universität Göttingen Göttingen.
UNFCCC(1997): Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.html.