Nội dung được dịch bởi AI, chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo
Ô nhiễm nitơ và xác định nguồn gốc của nước bề mặt hệ sinh thái đô thị ở Bắc Kinh
Tóm tắt
Ô nhiễm nitơ trong nước mặt là một vấn đề môi trường toàn cầu liên quan đến nông nghiệp tích cực và mật độ dân số cao. Chúng tôi đã đánh giá sự biến đổi theo không gian và mùa trong nồng độ nitơ tổng và các loài nitơ khác nhau có mặt trong nước mặt ở Bắc Kinh, Trung Quốc. Bên cạnh đó, các chỉ số hóa học (NO₃−−N=C1−) và đồng vị (δ¹⁵N nitrate) đã được sử dụng để xác định nguồn gốc nitrate. Kết quả cho thấy, trong các năm 2009 và 2010, nồng độ nitơ nitrate dao động từ 0.7 đến 7.6 mg ·L−1, nitơ amoni từ 0.1 đến 3.4 mg·L−1, và nitơ tổng từ 2.4 đến 17.0 mg·L−1. Nitơ vô cơ chiếm từ 60 đến 100% tổng nitơ tại mười địa điểm giám sát. Nồng độ nitơ nitrate, nitơ amoni, và nitơ tổng tại 2 địa điểm giám sát hạ lưu ở phía đông nam Bắc Kinh cao hơn đáng kể so với nồng độ tại 8 địa điểm giám sát thượng lưu còn lại (P<0.01). Khảo sát sự biến đổi theo mùa cho thấy có một mối quan hệ ngược lại đáng kể giữa nồng độ nitơ nitrate và lượng mưa, và nồng độ nitơ nitrate đạt đỉnh vào các mùa khô. Thông tin từ các giá trị δ¹⁵N nitrate và nồng độ nitơ nitrate, kết hợp với phân bố tỷ lệ NO₃−−N=C1−, cho thấy nước thải sinh hoạt là nguồn chính của nitrate ở Bắc Kinh. Các phương pháp để kiểm soát và giảm ô nhiễm nước thải là rất cần thiết để giúp quản lý chất lượng nước mặt ở Bắc Kinh.
Từ khóa
#Ô nhiễm nitơ #nước mặt #Bắc Kinh #nguồn gốc nitrate #nước thảiTài liệu tham khảo
Silva S R, Ging P B, Lee R W, Ebbert J C, Tesoriero A J, Inkpen E L. Forensic applications of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes in tracing nitrate sources in urban environments. Environmental Forensics, 2002, 3(2): 125–130
Seiler R L. Combined use of 15N and 18O of nitrate and 11B to evaluate nitrate contamination in ground water. Applied Geochemistry, 2005, 20(9): 1626–1636
Helmut K. Soil and groundwater contamination and remediation technology in Europe. In: Sato K, ed. Groundwater updates. Hong Kong: Springer, 2000
Benkovitz C M, Scholtz M T, Pacyna J, Tarrasón L, Dignon J, Voldner E C, Spiro P A, Logan J A, Graedel T E. Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1996, 101(D22): 29239–29253
Wakida F T, Lerner D N. Non-agricultural sources of groundwater nitrate: a review and case study. Water Research, 2005, 39(1): 3–16
Mueller D K, Spahr N E. Nutrients in Streams and Rivers Across the Nation-1992-2001. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, Washington, D C, 2006
Kaushal S S, Lewis WM Jr, McCutchan J H Jr. Land use change and nitrogen enrichment of a Rocky Mountain watershed. Ecological Applications, 2006, 16(1): 299–312
Groffman P M, Law N L, Belt K T, Band L E, Fisher G T. Nitrogen fluxes and retention in urban watershed ecosystems. Ecosystems (New York, N.Y.), 2004, 7(4): 394–403
He B, Kanae S, Oki T, Hirabayashi Y, Yamashiki Y, Takara K. Assessment of global nitrogen pollution in rivers using an integrated biogeochemical modeling framework. Water Research, 2011, 45(8): 2573–2586
Hu X F, Xu S Y, Chen Z L, Gao X J, Shen M N, Wang S P. Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the middle and small creeks, suburban Shanghai. Environmental Sciences, 2001, 22(6): 66–71 (in Chinese)
Xiong D Q, Du X M, Tang W H, Huang M X, Gu Q B, Guo L J, Li F S. Nitrogen distribution in the water of the Haihe River mainstream and estuary seawater and its relationship with water dissolved oxygen levels. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2005, 18(3): 1–4 (in Chinese)
Yang W B, Wang G X, Zhang L M, Cao Y, Pan G Q. On temporalspatial var iability of water quality and environmental stress of Kuncheng Lake in Changshu City. Journal of Natural Resources, 2007, 22(1): 185–192 (in Chinese)
Lang H O, Zhou J, He Z, Xie X P, Jing Z G, Yang L H. The spatial characters of surfacewater quality and its controlling factors in Xi’an City. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2009, 23(2): 21–28 (in Chinese)
Fu G Y, Yu Y, Ye H P, Chen F Z. Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of river in urban area of Guangzhou. Water Resources Protection, 2010, 26(1): 24–35 (in Chinese)
Zhang Z B, Shi X L, Yang X Y, Liu G J, Zhao Y J, Liu X J. The water quality comparative study on the West Lake (Hangzhou) and Hangzhou urban section of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. Journal of Hangzhou Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 2011, 10(1): 59–63
Jing HW. An analysis of the causes and control methods for surface water pollution in Beijing. Urban Environment & Urban Ecology, 2006, 19(4): 17–19 (in Chinese)
Du G S, Wu Y M, Yang Z S, Wu D W, Liu J. Analysis of water quality on urban rivers and lakes in Beijing. Journal of Lake Science, 2005, 17(4): 373–377 (in Chinese)
Tong Y F. Re-discussion on population carry-capacity of water resources in Beijing. Social Science of Beijing, 2011, 5: 22–28 (in Chinese)
China Ministry of Environmental Protection, China General Administration of Quality Supervision and Quarantine. Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002). Beijing: China Ministry of Environmental Protection, 2002 (in Chinese)
Silva S R, Kendall C, Wilkisonb D H, Zieglerc A C, Changa C C Y, Avanzinoa R J. A new method for collection of nitrate from fresh water and the analysis of nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios. Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam), 2000, 228(1–2): 22–36
Durka W, Schulze E D, Gebauer G, Voerkelius S.Effects of forest decline on uptake and leaching of deposited nitrate determined from 15N and 18O measurements. Nature, 1994, 372(22/29):765–767
Kendall C, Elliott E M, Wankel S D. Tracing anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen to ecosystems. In: Michener, R H, Lajtha K, eds. Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science. London: Blackwell Publishing, 2007
Flipse W J, Bonner F T. Nitrogen-isotope ratios of nitrate in ground water under fertilized fields, Long Island, New York. GroundWater, 1985, 23(1): 59–67
Xue D M, Botte J, De Baets B, Accoe F, Nestler A, Taylor P, Van Cleemput O, Berglund M, Boeckx P. Present limitations and future prospects of stable isotope methods for nitrate source identification in surface- and groundwater. Water Research, 2009, 43(5): 1159–1170
Xiao H Y, Liu C Q. Nitrogen isotope studies on seasonal nitrogen pollution of inflowing rivers of Hongfeng Lake, Guizhou Province. Earth and Environment, 2004, 32(1): 71–75 (in Chinese)
Chen X M, Wo F, Chen C, Fang K. Seasonal changes in the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in farmland drainage and groundwater of the Taihu Lake region of China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2010, 169(1-4): 159–168
Bu H M, Meng W, Zhang Y. Nitrogen pollution and source identification in the Haicheng River basin in Northeast China. The Science of the Total Environment, 2011, 409(18): 3394–3402
Chen F J, Jia G D, Chen J Y. Nitrate sources and watershed denitrification inferred from nitrate dual isotopes in the Beijiang River, South China. Biogeochemistry, 2009, 94(2): 163–174
Neal C, Jarvie H P, Neal M, Hill L, Wickham H. Nitrate concentrations in river waters of the upper Thames and its tributaries. The Science of the Total Environment, 2006, 365(1-3): 15–32
Buda A R, de Walle D R. Dynamics of stream nitrate sources and flow pathways during stormflows on urban, forest and agricultural watersheds in central Pennsylvania, USA. Hydrological Processes, 2009, 23(23): 3292–3305
Hill A R. Streams phosphorus exports from catchments with contrasting land uses in southern Ohio. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 1981, 17(4): 627–634
Osborne L, Wiley M. Empirical relationships between land use/ cover patterns and stream water quality in an agricultural watershed. Journal of Environmental Management, 1988, 26(1): 9–27
Ma J Z, Ding Z Y, Wei G X, Zhao H, Huang T M. Sources of water pollution and evolution of water quality in the Wuwei basin of Shiyang River, Northwest China. Journal of Environmental Management, 2009, 90(2): 1168–1177
Perona E, Bonilla I, Mateo P. Spatial and temporal changes in water quality in a Spanish river. The Science of the Total Environment, 1999, 241(1–3): 75–90
Chen L D, Fu B J, Zhang S R, Qiu J, Yang F L. Seasonal change of solvable nitrogen in surface water of Yuqiao reservoir basin. China Environmental Science, 2003, 23(2): 210–214 (in Chinese)
Zhang Y K, Schilling K. Temporal variations and scaling of streamflow and baseflow and their nitrate-nitrogen concentrations and loads. Advances in Water Resources, 2005, 28(7): 701–710
Withers P J, Lord E I. Agricultural nutrient inputs to rivers and groundwaters in the UK: policy, environmental management and research needs. The Science of the Total Environment, 2002, 282-283(23): 9–24
Mulliss R M, Revitt D M, Shutes R B. The impacts of urban discharges on the hydrology and water quality of an urban watercourse. The Science of the Total Environment, 1996, 189-190: 385–390
Herpe Y V, Troch P A. Spatial and temporal variations in surface water nitrate. Hydrological Processes, 2000, 14(14): 2439–2455
Miller J D, Adamson J K, Hirst D. Trends in stream water quality in Environmental Change Network upland catchments: the first 5 years. The Science of the Total Environment, 2001, 265(1-3): 27–38
Bellos D, Sawidis T, Tsekos I. Nutrient chemistry of River Pinios (Thessalia, Greece). Environment International, 2004, 30(1): 105–115
Nestler A, Berglund M, Accoe F, Duta S, Xue D M, Boeckx P, Taylor P. Isotopes for improved management of nitrate pollution in aqueous resources: review of surface water field studies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2011, 18(4): 519–533
Liu C Q, Li S L, Lang Y C, Xiao H Y. Using δ15N- and δ18O-values to identify nitrate sources in karst ground water, Guiyang, southwest China. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006, 40(22): 6928–6933
Lee K S, Bong Y S, Lee D, Kim Y, Kim K. Tracing the sources of nitrate in the Han River watershed in Korea, using δ15N-NO-3 and δ18O-NO− 3 values. The Science of the Total Environment, 2008, 395(2–3): 117–124
Li S L, Liu C Q, Li J, Liu X, Chetelat B, Wang B, Wang F. Assessment of the sources of nitrate in the Changjiang River, China using a nitrogen and oxygen isotopic approach. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(5): 1573–1578
Katz B G, Chelette A R, Pratt T R. Use of chemical and isotopic tracers to assess nitrate contamination and ground-water age, Woodville Karst Plain, USA. Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam), 2004, 289(1–4): 36–61
Zhang C Y, Wang Z, Cheng X X. Studies of nitrogen isotopes in sources of nitrate pollution in groundwater beneath the city of Zhangye. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2004, 18(1): 79–85 (in Chinese)
Panno S V, Hackley K C, Hwang H H, Kelly WR. Determination of the sources of nitrate contamination in karst springs using isotopic and chemical indicators. Chemical Geology, 2001, 179(1–4): 113–128
Kelly W R, Panno S V, Hackley K C, Hwang H H, Martinsek A T, Markus M. Using chloride and other ions to trace sewage and road salt in the Illinois Waterway. Applied Geochemistry, 2010, 25(5): 661–673
Zhang Y, Liu X J, Zhang F S, Ju X T, Zou G Y, Hu K L. Spatial and temporal variation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in North China Plain. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(6): 1633–1638 (in Chinese)
Wang D X, Zhao P S, Zhang Y X, Zhang L H. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in urban area of Beijing. Environmental Sciences, 2010, 31(9): 1987–1992 (in Chinese)
Ging P B, Lee R W, Silva S R. Water chemistry of Shoal Creek and Waller Creek, Austin, Texas, and potential sources of nitrate. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigation Paper, 1996: 96–4167
Jia H F, Ma H T, Wei M J. Urban wetland planning: a case study in the Beijing central region. Ecological Complexity, 2011, 8(2): 213–221
Zhang C Y, Zhang S, Li Z H, Liu S Y. Using nitrogen isotope techniques to identify the sources of the nitrate contamination to the groundwater beneath Shijiazhuang City. Advance in Earth Sciences, 2004, 19(2): 183–191 (in Chinese)
Xie Y X, Xiong Z Q, Xing G X, Sun G Q, Zhu Z L. Assessment of nitrogen pollutant sources in surface waters of Taihu Lake region. Pedosphere, 2007, 17(2): 200–208
Townsend S A, McCarthy M J, Brandes J A, Yang L Y, Zhang L, Gardner W S. Stable isotopic composition of nitrate in Lake Taihu, China, and major inflow rivers. Hydrobiologia, 2007, 194(3): 135–140
Jia X F. Research on distributed pattern and sources of nitrate in groundwater of Shandong Province. Dissertation for the Master’s Degree. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Scienses, 2010 (in Chinese)
Panno S V, Hackley K C, Kelly W R, Hwang H H. Isotopic evidence of nitrate sources and denitrification in the Mississippi River, Illinois. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2006, 35(2): 495–504
Bryan B A, Shearer G, Skeeters J L, Kohl D H. Variable expression of the nitrogen isotope effect associated with denitrification of nitrite. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1983, 258(14): 8613–8617
Jin Z F, Chen Y X, Wang F E, Ogura N. Detection of nitrate sources in urban groundwater by isotopic and chemical indicators, Hangzhou City, China. Environmental Geology, 2004, 45(7): 1017–1024
