Nitrogen bonding, work function and thermal stability of nitrided graphite surface: An in situ XPS, UPS and HREELS study

Schiros, 2012, Connecting dopant bond type with electronic structure in n-doped graphene, Nano Lett., 12, 4025, 10.1021/nl301409h Wang, 2012, Review on recent progress in nitrogen-doped graphene: Synthesis, characterization, and its potential applications, ACS Catal., 2, 781, 10.1021/cs200652y Gouzman, 1994, Irradiation effects induced by reactive and non-reactive low energy ion irradiation of graphite: An electron spectroscopy study, Surf. Interface Anal., 22, 524, 10.1002/sia.7402201111 Gouzman, 1995, Nitridation of diamond and graphite surfaces by low energy N2+ ion irradiation, Surf. Sci., 331–333, 283, 10.1016/0039-6028(95)00187-5 Bertóti, 2015, Surface modification of graphene and graphite by nitrogen plasma: Determination of chemical state alterations and assignments by quantitative X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Carbon, 84, 185, 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.11.056 Wang, 2014, Heteroatom-doped graphene materials: syntheses, properties and applications, Chem. Soc. Rev., 43, 7067, 10.1039/C4CS00141A Zhang, 2016, Tunable electronic properties of graphene through controlling bonding configurations of doped nitrogen atoms, Sci. Rep., 6, 28330, 10.1038/srep28330 Wei, 2009, Synthesis of n-doped graphene by chemical vapor deposition and its electrical properties, Nano Lett., 9, 1752, 10.1021/nl803279t Pylypenko, 2011, J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 13667, 10.1021/jp1122344 Lin, 2010, Controllable graphene N-doping with ammonia plasma, Appl. Phys. Lett., 96, 10.1063/1.3368697 Wang, 2014, Synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene by chemical vapour deposition using melamine as the sole solid source of carbon and nitrogen, J. Mater. Chem. C, 2, 7396, 10.1039/C4TC00924J Boas, 2019, Characterization of nitrogen doped grapheme bilayers synthesized by fast, low temperature microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition, Sci. Rep., 9, 13715, 10.1038/s41598-019-49900-9 Akada, 2019, Work function lowering of graphite by sequential surface modifications: Nitrogen and hydrogen plasma treatment, ACS Omega, 4, 16531, 10.1021/acsomega.9b02208 Chandran, 2016, Incorporation of low energy activated nitrogen onto HOPG surface: Chemical states and thermal stability studies by in-situ XPS and Raman spectroscopy, Appl. Surf. Sci., 382, 192, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.04.030 Savitzky, 1964, Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures, Anal. Chem., 36, 1627, 10.1021/ac60214a047 Yang, 2006, Carbon 1s X-ray photoemission line shape analysis of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite: The influence of structural damage on peak asymmetry, Langmuir, 22, 860, 10.1021/la052922r Mansour, 1993, Photoelectron-spectroscopy study of amorphous a-CNx:H, Phys. Rev. B, 47, 10201, 10.1103/PhysRevB.47.10201 Dementjev, 2000, X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy reference data for identification of the C3N4 phase in carbon–nitrogen films, Diam. Relat. Mater., 9, 1904, 10.1016/S0925-9635(00)00345-9 Zheng, 1997, Nitrogen 1s electron binding energy assignment in carbon nitride thin films with different structures, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 87, 45, 10.1016/S0368-2048(97)00083-2 Scardamaglia, 2014, Nitrogen implantation of suspended graphene flakes: Annealing effects and selectivity of sp2 nitrogen species, Carbon, 73, 371, 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.02.078 Robert Bigras, 2019, Low-damage nitrogen incorporation in graphene films by nitrogen plasma treatment: Effect of airborne contaminants, Carbon, 144, 532, 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.12.095 Ajay, 2012, Thermal stability study of nitrogen functionalities in a graphene network, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 24 Lv, 2012, Nitrogen-doped graphene: Beyond single substitution and enhanced molecular sensing, Sci. Rep., 2, 586, 10.1038/srep00586 Hellgren, 2016, Interpretation of X-ray photoelectron spectra of carbon-nitride thin films: New insights from in situ XPS, Carbon, 108, 242, 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.07.017 A.F. Carley, M.W. Roberts, An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of the interaction of oxygen and nitric oxide with aluminium, Proc. Royal Soc. London. Ser. A, Math. Phys. Sci., 363 (1978) 403–424. J.F. Ziegler, M.D. Ziegler, J.P. Biersack, Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM 2006), 2006, <http://www.SRIM.org>. Yanagisawa, 2005, Analysis of phonons in graphene sheets by means of HREELS measurement and ab initio calculation, Surf. Interface Anal., 37, 133, 10.1002/sia.1948 Wirtz, 2004, The phonon dispersion of graphite revisited, Solid State Commun., 131, 141, 10.1016/j.ssc.2004.04.042 Allouche, 2005, Hydrogen adsorption on graphite (0001) surface: A combined spectroscopy–density-functional-theory study, J. Chem. Phys., 123, 10.1063/1.2043008 Lehtinen, 2004, Irradiation-induced magnetism in graphite: A density functional study, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.187202 Allouche, 2006, Dissociative adsorption of small molecules at vacancies on the graphite (0001) surface, Carbon, 44, 3320, 10.1016/j.carbon.2006.06.014 Casartelli, 2014, Structure and stability of hydrogenated carbon atom vacancies in graphene, Carbon, 77, 165, 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.018 Somorjai, 1969 Willis, 1971, Experimental investigation of the band structure of graphite, Phys. Rev. B, 4, 2441, 10.1103/PhysRevB.4.2441 Chen, 1999, Electronic structure and optical limiting behavior of carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett., 82, 2548, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2548 Chen, 2000, Comparative studies on the structure and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes prepared by the catalytic pyrolysis of CH4 and disproportionation of CO, Carbon, 38, 139, 10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00099-8 Siokou, 2011, Surface refinement and electronic properties of graphene layers grown on copper substrate: An XPS, UPS and EELS study, Appl. Surf. Sci., 257, 9785, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.06.017 Luo, 2011, Pyridinic N doped graphene: Synthesis, electronic structure, and electrocatalytic property, J. Mater. Chem., 21, 8038, 10.1039/c1jm10845j Hansen, 2001, Standard reference surfaces for work function measurements in air, Surf. Sci., 481, 172, 10.1016/S0039-6028(01)01036-6 Attrash, 2019, Bonding, structural properties and thermal stability of low damage RF (N2) plasma treated diamond (100) surfaces studied by XPS, LEED, and TPD, Surf. Sci., 681, 95, 10.1016/j.susc.2018.11.006 Attrash, 2020, Nitrogen-terminated polycrystalline diamond surfaces by microwave chemical vapor deposition: Thermal stability, chemical States, and electronic structure, J. Phys. Chem. C, 124, 5657, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b10829