Newmark design spectra considering earthquake magnitudes and site categories
Tóm tắt
Newmark design spectra have been implemented in many building codes, especially in building codes for critical structures. Previous studies show that Newmark design spectra exhibit lower amplitudes at high frequencies and larger amplitudes at low frequencies in comparison with spectra developed by statistical methods. To resolve this problem, this study considers three suites of ground motions recorded at three types of sites. Using these ground motions, influences of the shear-wave velocity, earthquake magnitudes, source-to-site distances on the ratios of ground motion parameters are studied, and spectrum amplification factors are statistically calculated. Spectral bounds for combinations of three site categories and two cases of earthquake magnitudes are estimated. Site design spectrum coefficients for the three site categories considering earthquake magnitudes are established. The problems of Newmark design spectra could be resolved by using the site design spectrum coefficients to modify the spectral values of Newmark design spectra in the acceleration sensitive, velocity sensitive, and displacement sensitive regions.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ambraseys NN, Smit P, Douglas J, Margaris B, Sigbjörnsson R, Olafsson S, Suhadolc P and Costa G (2004), “Internet Site for European Strong-motion Data,” Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata, 45(3): 113–129.
Ambraseys NN, Smit P, Sigbjörnsson R, Suhadolc P and Margaris B (2002), “Internet Site for European Strong-Motion Data”, Environment and Climate Programme.
ASCE (2000), Seismic Analysis of Safety-related Nuclear Structures and Commentary, Standard ASCE 4-98, Reston, Virginia.
ASCE (2010), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI Standard 7-10, Reston, Virginia.
Baker JW (2010), “Conditional Mean Spectrum: Tool for Ground-motion Selection,” Journal of Structural Engineering, 137(3): 322–331.
Castellaro SF, Mulargia and Rossi PL (2008), “VS30: Proxy for Seismic Amplification?” Seismological Research Letters, 79(4): 540–543.
Chopra AK (2011), Dynamics of Structures, 4th ed, Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey.
CSA (2010), Design Procedures for Seismic Qualification of Nuclear Power Plants, Standard N289.3-10, Mississauga, Ontario.
Dunbar WS and Charlwood RG (1991), “Empirical Methods for the Prediction of Response Spectra,” Earthquake Spectra, 7(3): 333–353.
FEMA (2000), Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, Standard FEMA356, Washington D. C.
Hall WJ (1982), “Observations on Some Current Issues Pertaining to Nuclear Power Plant Seismic Design,” Nuclear Engineering and Design, 69(3): 365–378.
Hall WJ, Mohraz B and Newmark NM (1976), Statistical Studies of Vertical and Horizontal Earthquake Spectra, Urbana, Illinois.
IBC (2012), 2012 International Building Code, Standard IBC, Washington D.C.
Kramer SL (1996), Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Inc. New Jersey.
Lee VM and Trifunac MD (2010), “Should Average Shear-wave Velocity in the Top 30 m of Soil be Used to Describe Seismic Amplification?” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 30(11): 1250–1258.
Malhotra PK (2006), “Smooth Spectra of Horizontal and Vertical Ground Motions,” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 96(2): 506–518.
McGuire RK (1995), “Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and Design Earthquakes: Closing the Loop,” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 85(5): 1275–1284.
Mohraz B (1976), “A Study of Earthquake Response Spectra for Different Geological Conditions,” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 66(3): 915–935.
Mohraz B (1978), “Comments on Earthquake Response Spectra,” Nuclear Engineering and Design, 45(2): 489–495.
Mohraz B (1992), “Recent Studies of Earthquake Ground Motion and Amplification,” Proceedings of the Tenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 11, Madrid, Spain.
Newmark NM, Blume JA and Kapur KK (1973a), “Seismic Design Spectra for Nuclear Power Plants,” Journal of the Power Division, 99(2): 287–303.
Newmark NM and Hall WJ (1969), “Seismic Design Criteria for Nuclear Reactor Facilities,” Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 4, Santiago, Chile, pp. 37–50.
Newmark NM and Hall WJ (1978), Development of Criteria for Seismic Review of Selected Nuclear Power Plants, Consulting Engineering Services, Urbana, Illinois.
Newmark NM and Hall WJ (1982), Earthquake spectra and design, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Berkeley, C.A.
Newmark NM, Hall WJ, and Mohraz B (1973b), A Study of Vertical and Horizontal Earthquake Spectra, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington D.C.
Ni SH, Zhang DY, Xie WC and Pandey MD (2012), “Vector-valued Uniform Hazard Spectra,” Earthquake Spectra, 28(4): 1549–1568.
ONR (2014), Nuclear Safety Technical Assessment Guide, Office for Nuclear Regulation, U.K.
PEER (2010), Report for the PEER Ground Motion Database Web Application, Berkeley, California.
Reed JW, Kennedy RP, Buttemer DR, Idriss IM, Moore DP, Barr T, Wooten KD and Smith JE (1991), A Methodology for Assessment of Nuclear Power Plant Seismic Margin, Palo Alto, California.
Riddell R and Newmark NM (1979), Statistical Analysis of the Response of Nonlinear Systems Subjected to Earthquakes, Urbana, Illinois.
Ritcher CF (1958), Elementary seismology, WH Freeman and Company, San Francisco and London.
SPC (1997), Code for Seismic Design of Nuclear Power Plants, Standard GB 50276-97, Beijing, China.
USDE (2002), Natural Phenomena Hazards Assessment Criteria, Standard DOE-STD-1023-95, Washington D.C.
USNRC (2014), Design Response Spectra for Seismic Design of Nuclear Power Plants, Standard USNRC R.G. 1.60, Washington D.C.
Villaverde R (2009), Fundamental Concepts of Earthquake Engineering, CRC Press, Baton Raton, Florida.
Wills CJ, Petersen M, Bryant WA, Reichle M, Saucedo GJ, Tan S, Taylor G and Treiman J (2000), “A Siteconditions Map for California Based on Geology and Shear-Wave Velocity,” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 90(6B): S187–S208.
Xu LJ, Zhao GC, Liu QY, Xie WJ and Xie LL (2014), “Consecutive Combined Response Spectrum,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 13(4): 623–636.