New social trails made during the pandemic increase fragmentation of an urban protected area
Tài liệu tham khảo
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2008. Protected Areas in Today's World: Their Values and Benefits for the Welfare of the Planet. Montreal, Technical Series, no. 36, i-vii + 96.
Wimpey, 2011, A spatial exploration of informal trail networks within Great Falls Park, VA, J. Environ. Manag., 92, 1012, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.015
Adler
Ballantyne, 2015, Differences in the impacts of formal and informal recreational trails on urban forest loss and tree structure, J. Environ. Manag., 159, 94, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.007
Barros, 2017, How networks of informal trails cause landscape level damage to vegetation, Environ. Manag., 60, 57, 10.1007/s00267-017-0865-9
Bates, A.E., Primack, R.B., Moraga, P., Duarte, C.M., 2020. COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown as a “global human confinement experiment” to investigate biodiversity conservation. Biological conservation, 108665.
Bhattacharya, 2003, Are roads and railroads barriers to bumblebee movement in a temperate suburban conservation area?, Biol. Conserv., 109, 37, 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00130-1
Bötsch, 2018, Effect of recreational trails on forest birds: human presence matters, Front. Ecol. Evol., 6, 175, 10.3389/fevo.2018.00175
R Core Team, 2018. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. www.R-project.org/.
Corlett, 2020, Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on biodiversity conservation, Biol. Conserv., 246, 108571, 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108571
Davis, 2010, Mountain biking trail use affects reproductive success of nesting golden-cheeked warblers, Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 122, 465, 10.1676/09-184.1
Fahrig, 2017, Ecological responses to habitat fragmentation per se, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 48, 1, 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022612
Freidman, 2020, Keep parks open, The benefits of fresh air outweigh the risks of infection. Washington Post.
Haddad, 2015, Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems, Sci. Adv., 1, 10.1126/sciadv.1500052
Havlick, 2016, Informal trail creation: hiking, trail running, and mountain bicycling in shortgrass prairie, J. Sustain. Tour., 10.1080/09669582.2015.1101127
Laurance, 2007, Habitat fragmentation, variable edge effects, and the landscape-divergence hypothesis, PLoS One, 2, 10.1371/journal.pone.0001017
Laurance, 2011, The fate of Amazonian forest fragments: a 32-year investigation, Biol. Conserv., 144, 56, 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.021
Lucas, 2020, 95
Mexia, 2018, Ecosystem services: urban parks under a magnifying glass, Environ. Res., 160, 469, 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.023
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005
Miller, 1998, Influence of recreational trails on breeding bird communities, Ecol. Appl., 8, 162, 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0162:IORTOB]2.0.CO;2
Pebesma, E., 2018. Simple features for R: standardized support for spatial vector data. The R Journal 10 (1), 439-446, doi:10.32614/RJ-2018-009.
Pebesma, E., Mailund, T., Hiebert, J., 2016. Measurement units in R. The R Journal 8(2), 486–494. doi:10.32614/RJ-2016-061.
Primack, R.B., 1972. The changing flora of the Hammond Woods. Harvard University, unpublished undergraduate thesis.
Primack, 1993
Reed, 2008, Quiet, nonconsumptive recreation reduces protected area effectiveness, Conserv. Lett., 1, 146, 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2008.00019.x
Reed, 2011, Effects of management of domestic dogs and recreation on carnivores in protected areas in northern California, Conserv. Lett., 25, 504
Reilly, 2017, Spatial and temporal response of wildlife to recreational activities in the San Francisco Bay ecoregion, Biol. Conserv., 207, 117, 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.11.003
Rushing
Rutz, 2020, COVID-19 lockdown allows researchers to quantify the effects of human activity on wildlife, Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1
Saunders, 1991, Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review, Conserv. Biol., 5, 18, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00384.x
Sher, 2019
Wickham, H., 2016. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York.