New monitors of neurological functions — part 2

Meder, 1994, Venous territories of the brain, J Neuroradiol, 21, 118 Gibbs, 1942, Arterial and cerebral venous blood. Arterial—venous differences in man, J Biol Chem, 144, 325, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)72512-X Gibbs, 1945, Bilateral internal jugular blood. Comparison of A—V differences, oxygen—dextrose ratios and respiratory quotients, Am J Psychiatry, 102, 184, 10.1176/ajp.102.2.184 Metz, 1998, Monitoring of cerebral oxygen metabolism in the jugular bulb: reliability of unilateral measurements in severe head injury, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 18, 332, 10.1097/00004647-199803000-00012 Dearden, 1993, Technical considerations in continuous jugular venous oxygen saturation measurement, Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien), 59, 91 Lam, 1996, Cerebral venous oxygen saturation monitoring: is dominant jugular bulb cannulation good enough?, Br J Neurosurg, 10, 357, 10.1080/02688699647276 Jakobsen, 1989, Retrograde catheterization of the right internal jugular vein for serial measurements of cerebral venous oxygen content, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 9, 717, 10.1038/jcbfm.1989.101 Andrews, 1991, Jugular bulb cannulation: description of a cannulation technique and validation of a new continuous monitor, Br J Anaesth, 67, 553, 10.1093/bja/67.5.553 Matta, 1997, The rate of blood withdrawal affects the accuracy of jugular venous bulb. Oxygen saturation measurements, Anesthesiology, 86, 806, 10.1097/00000542-199704000-00010 Kety, 1947, The effects of altered arterial tensions of carbon dioxide and oxygen on cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption of normal young men, J Clin Invest, 27, 484, 10.1172/JCI101995 Clauss, 1965, Simplified method for monitoring adequacy of brain oxygenation during carotid-artery surgery, N Engl J Med, 273, 1127, 10.1056/NEJM196511182732104 Robertson, 1995, SjvO2 monitoring in head-injured patients, J Neurotrauma, 12, 891, 10.1089/neu.1995.12.891 Sheinberg, 1992, Continuous monitoring of jugular venous oxygen saturation in head-injured patients, J Neurosurg, 76, 212, 10.3171/jns.1992.76.2.0212 Cormio, 1999, Elevated jugular venous oxygen saturation after severe head injury, J Neurosurg, 90, 9, 10.3171/jns.1999.90.1.0009 Chan, 1992, The effect of changes in cerebral perfusion pressure upon middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity and jugular bulb venous oxygen saturation after severe brain injury, J Neurosurg, 77, 55, 10.3171/jns.1992.77.1.0055 Chan, 1993, Multimodality monitoring as a guide to treatment of intracranial hypertension after severe brain injury, Neurosurgery, 32, 547, 10.1227/00006123-199304000-00009 Hänel, 1998, Hypercapnia prevents jugular bulb desaturation during rewarming from hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, Anesthesiology, 89, 19, 10.1097/00000542-199807000-00006 Matta, 1994, A critique of the intraoperative use of jugular venous bulb catheters during neurosurgical procedures, Anesth Analg, 79, 745, 10.1213/00000539-199410000-00022 Coplin, 1997, Thrombotic, infectious, and procedural complications of the jugular bulb catheter in the intensive care unit, Neurosurgery, 41, 101, 10.1097/00006123-199707000-00022 Deply, 1997, Quantification in tissue near-infrared spectroscopy, Phil Trans R Soc Lond B, 352, 649, 10.1098/rstb.1997.0046 Jobsis, 1977, Noninvasive, infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen suffiency and circulatory parameters, Science, 198, 1264, 10.1126/science.929199 Cope, 1988, System for long-term measurement of cerebral blood and tissue oxygenation on newborn infants by near infra-red transillumination, Med Biol Eng Comput, 26, 289, 10.1007/BF02447083 Harris, 1994, NIRS in adult — effects of increasing optode separation, Adv Exp Med Biol, 345, 837, 10.1007/978-1-4615-2468-7_109 Kirkpatrick, 1995, Near-infrared spectroscopy use in patients with head injury, J Neurosurg, 83, 963, 10.3171/jns.1995.83.6.0963 van der Zee, 1992, Experimentally measured optical pathlengths for the adult head, calf and forearm and the head of the newborn infant as a function of inter optode spacing, Adv Exp Med Biol, 316, 143, 10.1007/978-1-4615-3404-4_17 Lam, 1997, Internal and external carotid contributions to near-infrared spectroscopy during carotid endarterectomy, Stroke, 28, 906, 10.1161/01.STR.28.5.906 Smielewski, 1997, Clinical evaluation of near-infrared spectroscopy for testing cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with carotid artery disease, Stroke, 28, 331, 10.1161/01.STR.28.2.331 Smielewski, 1998, Assessment of cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with carotid artery disease using near-infrared spectroscopy, Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien), 71, 263 Schwarz, 1996, Cerebral oximetry in dead subjects, J Neurosurg Anesthesiol, 8, 189, 10.1097/00008506-199607000-00001 McKeating, 1997, A comparison of the Invos 3100 and the Critikon 2020 near-infrared spectrophotometers as monitors of cerebral oxygenation, Anaesthesia, 52, 136, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1997.18-az015.x Kirkpatrick, 1998, Defining thresholds for critical ischemia by using near-infrared spectroscopy in the adult brain, J Neurosurg, 89, 389, 10.3171/jns.1998.89.3.0389 Cho, 1998, Cerebral monitoring by means of oximetry and somatosensory evoked potentials during carotid endarterectomy, J Neurosurg, 89, 533, 10.3171/jns.1998.89.4.0533 Hoshi, 1998, Relationship between fluctuations in the cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation state and neuronal activity under resting conditions in man, Neurosci Lett, 245, 147, 10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00197-9 Sakatani, 1998, Language-activated cerebral blood oxygenation and hemodynamic changes of the left prefrontal cortex in poststroke aphasic patients: a near-infrared spectroscopy study, Stroke, 29, 1299, 10.1161/01.STR.29.7.1299 Kato, 1993, Human visual cortical function during photic stimulation monitoring by means of near-infrared spectroscopy, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 13, 516, 10.1038/jcbfm.1993.66 Edwards, 1988, Cotside measurement of cerebral blod flow in ill newborn infants by near infrared spectroscopy, Lancet, 2, 770, 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)92418-X Elwell, 1992, Measurement of cerebral blood flow in adult humans using near infrared spectroscopy — methodology and possible errors, Adv Exp Med Biol, 317, 235, 10.1007/978-1-4615-3428-0_25 Owen-Reece, 1996, Use of near infrared spectroscopy to estimate cerebral blood flow in conscious and anaesthetized adult subjects, Br J Anaesth, 76, 43, 10.1093/bja/76.1.43 Kiening, 1996, Monitoring of cerebral oxygenation in patients with severe head injuries: brain tissue PO2 versus jugular vein oxygen saturation, J Neurosurg, 85, 751, 10.3171/jns.1996.85.5.0751 Hoffman, 1997, Brain tissue gases and pH during arteriovenous malformation resection, Neurosurgery, 40, 294, 10.1097/00006123-199702000-00012 Hoffman, 1996, Brain tissue oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in neurosurgical patients at risk for ischemia, Anesth Analg, 82, 582 Valadka, 1998, Relationship of brain tissue PO2 to outcome after severe head injury, Crit Care Med, 26, 1576, 10.1097/00003246-199809000-00029 Kiening, 1998, Bifrontal measurements of brain tissue — PO2 in comatose patients, Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien), 71, 172 Bardt, 1998, Monitoring of brain tissue PO2 in traumatic brain injury: effect of cerebral hypoxia on outcome, Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien), 71, 153 Kiening, 1997, Brain tissue pO2-monitoring in comatose patients: implications for therapy, Neurol Res, 19, 233, 10.1080/01616412.1997.11740805 Sarrafzadeh, 1998, Cerebral oxygenation in contusioned vs nonlesioned brain tissue: monitoring of P0P2 wit Licox and Paratrend, Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien), 71, 186 Rowe, 1959, A study in man of cerebral blood flow and cerebral glucose, lactate and pyruvate metabolism before and after eating, J Clin Invest, 38, 2154, 10.1172/JCI103994 Meyer, 1970, Cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism following experimental head injury, J Neurosurg, 32, 304, 10.3171/jns.1970.32.3.0304 Murr, 1996, Cerebral lactate production in relation to intracranial pressure, cranial computed tomography findings, and outcome in patients with severe head injury, Acta Neurochir (Wien), 138, 928, 10.1007/BF01411281 Robertson, 1987, The predictive value of cerebral anaerobic metabolism with cerebral infarction after head injury, J Neurosurg, 67, 361, 10.3171/jns.1987.67.3.0361 Robertson, 1989, Cerebral arteriovenous oxygen difference as an estimate of cerebral blood flow in comatose patients, J Neurosurg, 70, 222, 10.3171/jns.1989.70.2.0222 Brant-Zawadzki, 1988, MR imaging of the brain, Radiology, 166, 1, 10.1148/radiology.166.1.3275962 Gilman, 1998, Imaging the brain. First of two parts, N Engl J Med, 338, 812, 10.1056/NEJM199803193381207 Gilman, 1998, Imaging the brain. Second of two parts, N Engl J Med, 338, 889, 10.1056/NEJM199803263381307 Jamieson, 1988, Positron emission tomography in the investigation of central nervous system disorders, Radiol Clin North Am, 26, 1075, 10.1016/S0033-8389(22)00810-7 Brain Trauma Foundation, 1996, Recommendations for intracranial pressure monitoring technology, J Neurotrauma, 13, 685, 10.1089/neu.1996.13.685 Miller, 1973, Induced changes of cerebrospinal fluid volume: Effects during continuous monitoring of ventricular fluid pressure, Arch Neurol, 28, 265, 10.1001/archneur.1973.00490220073011 Maset, 1987, Pressure—volume index in head injury, J Neurosurg, 67, 832, 10.3171/jns.1987.67.6.0832 Shapiro, 1980, Characterization of clinical CSF dynamics and neural axis compliance using the pressure—volume index: 1. The normal pressure—volume index, Ann Neurol, 7, 508, 10.1002/ana.410070603 Smielewski, 1995, Identification of the cerebrospinal compensatory mechanism via computer-controlled drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid, Childs Nerv Syst, 11, 297, 10.1007/BF00301764 Czosnyka, 1996, Testing of cerebrospinal compensatory reserve in shunted and non-shunted patients: a guide to interpretation based on an observational study, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 60, 549, 10.1136/jnnp.60.5.549 Piper, 1990, Automated time-average analysis of craniospinal compliance (short pulse response), Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien), 51, 387 Piper, 1997, Automated compliance measurement in brain injured patients: a new method, J Neurotrauma, 14, 262 Avezaat, 1979, Cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure and intracranial volume—pressure relationships, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 42, 687, 10.1136/jnnp.42.8.687 van Eijnhoven, 1986, Cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure and the pulsatile variation in cerebral blood volume: an experimental study in dogs, Neurosurgery, 19, 507, 10.1227/00006123-198610000-00004 Marmarou, 1978, A nonlinear analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid system and intracranial pressure dynamics, J Neurosurg, 48, 332, 10.3171/jns.1978.48.3.0332 Czosnyka, 1994, Monitoring of cerebrospinal dynamics using continuous analysis of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in head injury, Acta Neurochir (Wien), 126, 113, 10.1007/BF01476419 Gray, 1987, Pressure—volume index as a function of cerebral perfusion pressure. Part 2: The effects of low cerebral perfusion pressure and autoregulation, J Neurosurg, 67, 377, 10.3171/jns.1987.67.3.0377 Avezaat, 1986, Clinical observations on the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure and intracranial pressure, Acta Neurochir (Wien), 79, 13, 10.1007/BF01403461 Czosnyka, 1996, Significance of intracranial pressure waveform analysis after head injury, Acta Neurochir (Wien), 138, 531, 10.1007/BF01411173 Piper, 1990, Systems analysis of cerebrosvascular pressure transmission: an observational study in head-injured patients, J Neurosurg, 73, 871, 10.3171/jns.1990.73.6.0871 Robertson, 1989, Clinical experience with a continuous monitor of intracranial compliance, J Neurosurg, 71, 673, 10.3171/jns.1989.71.5.0673 Lin, 1991, Systems analysis applied to intracranial pressure waveforms and correlation with clinical status in head injured patients, Br J Anaesth, 66, 476, 10.1093/bja/66.4.476 Guérit, 1998, Neuromonitoring in the operating room: why, when, and how to monitor?, Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 106, 1, 10.1016/S0013-4694(97)00077-1 Nuwer, 1995, Somatosensory evoked potential spinal cord monitoring reduces neurologic deficits after scoliosis surgery: results of a large multicenter survey, Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 96, 6, 10.1016/0013-4694(94)00235-D Manninen, 1998, Monitoring evoked potentials during spinal surgery in one institution, Can J Anaesth, 45, 460, 10.1007/BF03012582 Ben-David, 1987, Anterior spinal fusion complicated by paraplegia. A case report of a false-negative somatosensory-evoked potential, Spine, 12, 536, 10.1097/00007632-198707000-00005 Lesser, 1986, Postoperative neurological deficits may occur despite unchanged intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials, Ann Neurol, 19, 22, 10.1002/ana.410190105 Ginsburg, 1985, Postoperative paraplegia with preserved intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials. Case report, J Neurosurg, 63, 296, 10.3171/jns.1985.63.2.0296 Vauzelle, 1973, Functional monitoring of spinal cord activity during spinal surgery, Clin Orthop, 93, 173, 10.1097/00003086-197306000-00017 de Haan, 1998, Spinal cord monitoring with myogenic motor evoked potentials: early detection of spinal cord ischemia as an integral part of spinal cord protective strategies during, Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 10, 19, 10.1016/S1043-0679(98)70012-7 Haghighi, 1998, Influence of isoflurane anesthesia on motor evoked potentials elicited by transcortical, brainstem, and spinal root stimulation, Neurol Res, 20, 555, 10.1080/01616412.1998.11740563 Kawaguchi, 1998, The effect of sevoflurane on myogenic motor-evoked potentials induced by single and paired transcranial electrical stimulation of the motor cortex during nitrous oxide/ketamine/fentanyl anesthesia, J Neurosurg Anesthesiol, 10, 131, 10.1097/00008506-199807000-00001 Haghighi, 1996, Effect of desflurane anesthesia on transcortical motor evoked potentials, J Neurosurg Anesthesiol, 8, 47, 10.1097/00008506-199601000-00011 Ubags, 1997, Differential effects of nitrous oxide and propofol on myogenic transcranial motor evoked responses during sufentanil anaesthesia, Br J Anaesth, 79, 590, 10.1093/bja/79.5.590 Yang, 1994, Intraoperative transcranial electrical motor evoked potential monitoring during spinal surgery under intravenous ketamine or etomidate anaesthesia, Acta Neurochir (Wien), 127, 191, 10.1007/BF01808765 Bernard, 1996, Effects of isoflurane and desflurane on neurogenic motor- and somatosensory-evoked potential monitoring for scoliosis surgery, Anesthesiology, 85, 1013, 10.1097/00000542-199611000-00008 Rose, 1998, Removing the antidromically driven sensory component from cervically evoked motor potentials, Med Hypotheses, 50, 147, 10.1016/S0306-9877(98)90201-8