New monitors of neurological functions — Part 1

Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care - Tập 10 - Trang 87-97 - 1999
M.T.V. Chan1, J.M.K. Lam2
1Senior Medical Officer, Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Division of Neurosurgery, China
2Consultant Neurosurgeon, Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China

Tài liệu tham khảo

Cheng, 1997, Anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: a survey, J Neurosurg Anesthesiol, 9, 211, 10.1097/00008506-199707000-00002 Nuwer, 1995, Somatosensory evoked potential spinal cord monitoring reduces neurologic deficits after scoliosis surgery: results of a large multicenter survey, Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 96, 6, 10.1016/0013-4694(94)00235-D National Institutes of Health, 1991, Consensus Development Conference Statement Acoustic Neuroma. NIH Consensus Statement, 9, 1 Hung, 1992, Thiopental pharmacodynamics. II. Quantitation of clinical and electroencephalographic depth of anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 77, 237, 10.1097/00000542-199208000-00003 Scott, 1985, EEG quantitation of narcotic effect: the comparative pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and alfentanil, Anesthesiology, 62, 234, 10.1097/00000542-198503000-00005 Seifert, 1993, Sedative doses of propofol increase beta activity of the processed electroencephalogram, Anesth Analg, 76, 976, 10.1213/00000539-199305000-00010 Kuizenga, 1998, Quantitative electroencephalographic analysis of the biphasic concentration-effect relationship of propofol in surgical patients during extradural analgesia, Br J Anaesth, 80, 725, 10.1093/bja/80.6.725 Dwyer, 1994, The electroencephalogram does not predict depth of isoflurane anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 81, 403, 10.1097/00000542-199408000-00019 Leslie, 1995, Propofol blood concentration and the bispectral index suppression of learning during propofol/epidural anesthesia in volunteers, Anesth Analg, 81, 1269 Sigl, 1994, An introduction to bispectral analysis for the electroencephalogram, J Clin Monit, 10, 392, 10.1007/BF01618421 Rampil, 1998, A primer for EEG signal processing in anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 89, 980, 10.1097/00000542-199810000-00023 Vernon, 1995, Prediction of movement using bispectral electroencephalographic analysis during propofol/alfentanil or isoflurane/alfentanil anesthesia, Anesth Analg, 80, 780 Leslie, 1995, Propofol blood concentration and the bispectral index predict suppression of learning during propofol/epidural anesthesia in volunteers, Anesth Analg, 81, 1269 Liu, 1996, Electrocephalogram bispectral analysis predicts the depth of midazolam-induced sedation, Anesthesiology, 84, 64, 10.1097/00000542-199601000-00007 Leslie, 1996, Prediction of movement during propofol/nitrous oxide anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 84, 52, 10.1097/00000542-199601000-00006 Glass, 1997, Bispectral analysis measures sedation and memory effects of propofol, midazolam, isoflurane, and alfentanil in healthy volunteers, Anesthesiology, 86, 836, 10.1097/00000542-199704000-00014 Sebel, 1997, A multicenter study of bispectral electroencephalogram analysis for monitoring anesthetic effect, Anesth Analg, 84, 891, 10.1213/00000539-199704000-00035 Kearse, 1998, Bispectral analysis of the electroencephalogram predicts conscious processing of information during propofol sedation and hypnosis, Anesthesiology, 88, 25, 10.1097/00000542-199801000-00007 Iselin-Chaves, 1998, The effect of the interaction of propofol and alfentanil on recall, loss of consciousness, and the bispectral index, Anesth Analg, 87, 949, 10.1213/00000539-199810000-00038 Rampil, 1998, Bispectral EEG index during nikous oxide administration, Anesthesiology, 89, 671, 10.1097/00000542-199809000-00017 Katoh, 1998, Electroencephalographic derivatives as a tool for predicting the depth of sedation and anesthesia induced by sevoflurane, Anesthesiology, 88, 642, 10.1097/00000542-199803000-00014 Flaishon, 1997, Recovery of consciousness after thiopental or propofol. Bispectral index and the isolated forearm technique, Anesthesiology, 86, 613, 10.1097/00000542-199703000-00013 Struys, 1998, Comparison of spontaneous frontal EMG, EEG power spectrum and bispectral index to monitor propofol drug effect and emergence, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 42, 628, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1998.tb05293.x Gan, 1997, Bispectral index monitoring allows faster emergence and improved recovery from propofol, alfentanil, and nitrous oxide anaesthesia, Anesthesiology, 87, 808, 10.1097/00000542-199710000-00014 Song, 1997, Titration of volatile anesthetics using bispectral index facilitates recovery after ambulatory anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 87, 842, 10.1097/00000542-199710000-00018 Struys, 1998, Clinical usefulness of the bispectral index for titrating propofol target effect-site concentration, Anaesthesia, 53, 4, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1998.00279.x Song, 1998, Is the bispectral index useful in predicting fast-track eligibility after ambulatory anesthesia with propofol and desflurane?, Anesth Analg, 87, 1245, 10.1213/00000539-199812000-00006 Rampil, 1993, Anesthetic potency (MAC) is independent of forebrain structures in the rat, Anesthesiology, 78, 707, 10.1097/00000542-199304000-00014 Todd, 1993, A focal cryogenic brain lesion does not reduce the minimum alveolar concentration for halothane in rats, Anesthesiology, 79, 139, 10.1097/00000542-199307000-00020 McFarlane, 1994, Minimum alveolar concentration for halothane in the rat is resistant to effects of forebrain ischemia and reperfusion, Anesthesiology, 81, 1206, 10.1097/00000542-199411000-00014 Kiyama, 1997, Effect of extradural analgesia on the paradoxical arousal response of the electroencephalogram, Br J Anaesth, 79, 750, 10.1093/bja/79.6.750 Bloom, 1997, EEG monitoring: intraoperative application, Anesthesiol Clin N Am, 15, 551, 10.1016/S0889-8537(05)70351-5 Gallagher, 1999, Pacer-induced artifact in the bispectral index during cardiac surgery, Anesthesiology, 90, 636, 10.1097/00000542-199902000-00050 Schnider, 1998, Unreasonably low bispectral index values in a volunteer with genetically determined low-voltage electroencephalographic signal, Anesthesiology, 89, 1607, 10.1097/00000542-199812000-00064 Thornton, 1998, Evoked responses in anaesthesia, Br J Anaesth, 81, 771, 10.1093/bja/81.5.771 Schwender, 1998, Conscious awareness during general anaesthesia: patients' perceptions, emotions, cognition and reactions, Br J Anaesth, 80, 133, 10.1093/bja/80.2.133 Galambos, 1981, A 40-Hz auditory potential recorded from the human scalp, 78, 2643 Plourde, 1996, Human auditory steady-state response during general anesthesia, Anesth Analg, 82, 75, 10.1213/00000539-199601000-00013 Plourde, 1990, Comparison of the effects of enflurane/N2O on the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response versus the auditory middle-latency response, Anesth Analg, 71, 460 Plourde, 1998, Effect of isoflurane on the auditory steady-state response and on consciousness in human volunteers, Anesthesiology, 89, 844, 10.1097/00000542-199810000-00008 Munglani, 1993, A measure of consciousness and memory during isoflurane administration: the coherent frequency, Br J Anaesth, 71, 633, 10.1093/bja/71.5.633 Sapsford, 1996, A method for producing the coherent frequency: a steady-state auditory evoked response in the electroencephalogram, Anesth Analg, 83, 1273, 10.1213/00000539-199612000-00025 Plourde, 1996, The effects of propofol on the 40-Hz auditory steadystate response and on the electroencephalogram in humans, Anesth Analg, 82, 1015 Plourde, 1997, Ketamine increases the amplitude of the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response in humans, Br J Anaesth, 78, 524, 10.1093/bja/78.5.524 Mantzaridis, 1997, Auditory evoked potential index: a quantitative measure of changes in auditory evoked potentials during general anaesthesia, Anaesthesia, 52, 1030, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1997.185-az0327.x Doi, 1997, Relationship between calculated blood concentration of propofol and electrophysiological variables during emergence from anaesthesia: comparison of bispectral index, spectral edge frequency, median frequency and auditory evoked potential index, Br J Anaesth, 78, 180, 10.1093/bja/78.2.180 Gajraj, 1998, Analysis of the EEG bispectrum, auditory evoked potentials and the EEG power spectrum during repeated transitions from consciousness to unconsciousness, Br J Anaesth, 80, 46, 10.1093/bja/80.1.46 Aaslid, 1982, Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries, J Neurosurg, 57, 769, 10.3171/jns.1982.57.6.0769 Harders, 1985, Transcranial Doppler sonography and its application in extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery, Neurol Res, 7, 129, 10.1080/01616412.1985.11739711 Hennerici, 1987, Transcranial Doppler ultrasound for the assessment of intracranial arterial flow velocity — part I. Examination technique and normal values, Surg Neurol, 27, 439, 10.1016/0090-3019(87)90251-5 Krapf, 1987, Failure to demonstrate a vasoconstrictive effect of vasopressin on the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries: a transcranial ultrasound Doppler study, Ultrasound Med Biol, 13, 131, 10.1016/0301-5629(87)90140-2 Bode, 1988, Age dependence of flow velocities in basal cerebral arteries, Arch Dis Child, 63, 606, 10.1136/adc.63.6.606 Grolimund, 1988, Age dependence of the flow velocity in the basal cerebral arteries — a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study, Ultrasound Med Biol, 14, 191, 10.1016/0301-5629(88)90139-1 Sorteberg, 1989, Blood velocity and regional blood flow in defined cerebral artery systems, Acta Neurochir (Wien), 97, 47, 10.1007/BF01577739 Maeda, 1990, A validation study on the reproducibility of transcranial Doppler velocimetry, Ultrasound Med Biol, 16, 9, 10.1016/0301-5629(90)90080-V Dahl, 1992, A comparison of transcranial Doppler and cerebral blood flow studies to assess cerebral vasoreactivity, Stroke, 23, 15, 10.1161/01.STR.23.1.15 Jørgensen, 1992, Regional cerebral artery mean flow velocity and blood flow during dynamic exercise in humans, J Appl Physiol, 73, 1825, 10.1152/jappl.1992.73.5.1825 Totaro, 1992, Reproducibility of transcranial Doppler sonography: a validation study, Ultrasound Med Biol, 18, 173, 10.1016/0301-5629(92)90128-W Ulrich, 1995, Correlation of cerebral blood flow and MCA flow velocity measured in healthy volunteers during acetazolamide and CO2 stimulation, J Neurol Sci, 129, 120, 10.1016/0022-510X(94)00252-J Clark, 1996, Relationship of 133Xe cerebral blood flow to middle cerebral arterial flow velocity in men at rest, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 16, 1255, 10.1097/00004647-199611000-00021 Huber, 1967, Effect of contrast material, hypercapnia, hyperventilation, hypertonic glucose and papaverine on the diameter of the cerebral arteries. Angiographic determination in man, Invest Radiol, 2, 17, 10.1097/00004424-196701000-00016 Giller, 1993, Cerebral arterial diameters during changes in blood pressure and carbon dioxide during craniotomy, Neurosurgery, 32, 737, 10.1227/00006123-199305000-00006 Poulin, 1996, Indexes of flow and cross-sectional area of the middle cerebral artery using doppler ultrasound during hypoxia and hypercapnia in humans, Stroke, 27, 2244, 10.1161/01.STR.27.12.2244 Djurberg, 1998, Lack of effect of CO, on cerebral arterial diameter in man, J Clin Anesth, 10, 646, 10.1016/S0952-8180(98)00107-X Larsen, 1994, Transcranial Doppler is valid for determination of the lower limit of cerebral blood flow autoregulation, Stroke, 25, 1985, 10.1161/01.STR.25.10.1985 Piepgras, 1990, A simple test to assess cerebrovascular reserve capacity using transcranial Doppler sonography and acetazolamide, Stroke, 21, 1306, 10.1161/01.STR.21.9.1306 Bishop, 1986, Transcranial Doppler measurement of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity: a validation study, Stroke, 17, 913, 10.1161/01.STR.17.5.913 Dahl, 1992, A comparison of transcranial Doppler and cerebral blood flow studies to assess cerebral vasoreactivity, Stroke, 23, 15, 10.1161/01.STR.23.1.15 Dahl, 1994, Cerebral vasoreactivity in unilateral carotid artery disease. A comparison of blood flow velocity and regional cerebral blood flow measurements, Stroke, 25, 621, 10.1161/01.STR.25.3.621 Vorstrup, 1992, CBF and transcranial Doppler sonography during vasodilatory stress tests in patients with common carotid artery occlusion, Neurol Res, 14, 31, 10.1080/01616412.1992.11740007 Sugimori, 1995, Can transcranial Doppler really detect reduced cerebral perfusion states?, Stroke, 26, 2053, 10.1161/01.STR.26.11.2053 Lindegaard, 1989, Cerebral vasospasm diagnosis by means of angiography and blood velocity measurements, Acta Neurochir (Wien), 100, 12, 10.1007/BF01405268 Sloan, 1989, Sensitivity and specificity of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage, Neurology, 39, 1514, 10.1212/WNL.39.11.1514 Davis, 1992, Correlations between cerebral arterial velocities, blood flow, and delayed ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage, Stroke, 23, 492, 10.1161/01.STR.23.4.492 Burch, 1996, Detection of intracranial internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage, J Neuroimaging, 6, 8, 10.1111/jon1996618 Compton, 1987, Cerebral arterial vasospasm following severe head injury: a transcranial Doppler study, Br J Neurosurg, 1, 435, 10.3109/02688698708999633 Sloan, 1994, Transcranial Doppler detection of vertebrobasilar vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage, Stroke, 25, 2187, 10.1161/01.STR.25.11.2187 Gosling, 1974, Arterial assessment by Doppler shift ultrasound, 67, 447 Czosnyka, 1998, Cerebral perfusion pressure in head-injured patients: a noninvasive assessment using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, J Neurosurg, 88, 802, 10.3171/jns.1998.88.5.0802 Giller, 1998, Estimation of vessel flow and diameter during cerebral vasospasm using transcranial Doppler indices, Neurosurgery, 42, 1076, 10.1097/00006123-199805000-00077 Hassler, 1988, Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in raised intracranial pressure and in intracranial circulatory arrest, J Neurosurg, 68, 745, 10.3171/jns.1988.68.5.0745 Newell, 1989, Evaluation of brain death using transcranial Doppler, Neurosurgery, 24, 509, 10.1227/00006123-198904000-00004 Jorgensen, 1992, Transcranial Doppler for detection of cerebral ischaemia during carotid endarterectomy, Eur J Vase Surg, 6, 142, 10.1016/S0950-821X(05)80231-2 Jansen, 1993, Carotid endarterectomy with transcranial Doppler and electroencephalographic monitoring. A prospective study in 130 operations, Stroke, 24, 665, 10.1161/01.STR.24.5.665 Halsey, 1992, Risks and benefits of shunting in carotid endarterectomy. The International Transcranial Doppler Collaborators, Stroke, 23, 1583, 10.1161/01.STR.23.11.1583 Muller, 1998, Microembolic signals and intraoperative stroke in carotid endarterectomy, Acta Neurol Scand, 97, 110, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1998.tb00619.x Taylor, 1998, Brain damage during cardiopulmonary bypass, Ann Thorac Surg, 65, S20, 10.1016/S0003-4975(98)00072-1 Leker, 1999, Abundance of left hemispheric embolic strokes complicating coronary angiography and PTCA, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 66, 116, 10.1136/jnnp.66.1.116 Ringelstein, 1998, Consensus on microembolus detection by TCD. International consensus group on microembolus detection, Stroke, 29, 725, 10.1161/01.STR.29.3.725 Van Zuilen, 1996, Automatic embolus detection compared with human experts. A Doppler ultrasound study, Stroke, 27, 1840, 10.1161/01.STR.27.10.1840 Klotzsch, 1994, Transesophageal echocardiography and contrast-TCD in the detection of a patent foramen ovale: experiences with III patients, Neurology, 44, 1603, 10.1212/WNL.44.9.1603 Nygren, 1998, Detection of patent foramen ovale by transcranial Doppler and carotid duplex ultrasonography: a comparison with transoesophageal echocardiography, Clin Physiol, 18, 327, 10.1046/j.1365-2281.1998.00106.x Paolin, 1998, Cerebral hemodynamic response to CO2 after severe head injury: clinical and prognostic implications, J Trauma, 44, 495, 10.1097/00005373-199803000-00012 Schalen, 1991, Cerebral vasoreactivity and the prediction of outcome in severe traumatic brain lesions, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 35, 113, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1991.tb03258.x Steiger, 1994, Transcranial Doppler monitoring in head injury: relations between type of injury, flow velocities, vasoreactivity, and outcome, Neurosurgery, 34, 79, 10.1227/00006123-199401000-00011 Czosnyka, 1996, Monitoring of cerebral autoregulation in head-injured patients, Stroke, 27, 1829, 10.1161/01.STR.27.10.1829 Aaslid, 1989, Cerebral autoregulation dynamics in humans, Stroke, 20, 45, 10.1161/01.STR.20.1.45 Tiecks, 1995, Comparison of static and dynamic cerebral autoregulation measurements, Stroke, 26, 1014, 10.1161/01.STR.26.6.1014 Smielewski, 1996, Assessment of cerebral autoregulation using carotid artery compression, Stroke, 27, 2197, 10.1161/01.STR.27.12.2197 Giller, 1991, A bedside test for cerebral autoregulation using transcranial Doppler ultrasound, Acta Neurochir (Wien), 108, 7, 10.1007/BF01407660 Knecht, 1998, Reproducibility of functional transcranial Doppler sonography in determining hemispheric language lateralization, Stroke, 29, 1155, 10.1161/01.STR.29.6.1155 Sturzenegger, 1996, Visually evoked blood flow response assessed by simultaneous two-channel transcranial Doppler using flow velocity averaging, Stroke, 27, 2256, 10.1161/01.STR.27.12.2256 Knecht, 1998, Noninvasive determination of language lateralization by functional transcranial Doppler sonography: a comparison with the Wada test, Stroke, 29, 82, 10.1161/01.STR.29.1.82 Arbit, 1989, Intraoperative measurement of cerebral and tumor blood flow with laser-Doppler flowmetry, Neurosurgery, 24, 166, 10.1227/00006123-198902000-00003 Fasano, 1988, Intraoperative use of laser Doppler in the study of cerebral microvascular circulation, Acta Neurochir (Wien), 95, 40, 10.1007/BF01793081 Rosenblum, 1987, Intraoperative measurement of cortical blood flow adjacent to cerebral AVM using laser Doppler velocimetry, J Neurosurg, 66, 396, 10.3171/jns.1987.66.3.0396 Kirkpatrick, 1994, Continuous monitoring of cortical perfusion by laser Doppler flowmetry in ventilated patients with head injury, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 57, 1382, 10.1136/jnnp.57.11.1382 Lam, 1997, Monitoring of autoregulation using laser Doppler flowmetry in patients with head injury, J Neurosurg, 86, 438, 10.3171/jns.1997.86.3.0438 Skarphedinsson, 1988, Repeated measurements of cerebral blood flow in rats. Comparisons between the hydrogen clearance method and laser Doppler flowmetry, Acta Physiol Scand, 134, 133, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1988.tb08469.x Eyre, 1988, A comparison of measurements of cerebral blood flow in the rabbit using laser Doppler spectroscopy and radionuclide labelled microspheres, Clin Phys Physiol Meas, 9, 65, 10.1088/0143-0815/9/1/006 Fabricius, 1996, Laser-Doppler evaluation of rat brain microcirculation: comparison with the [14C]-iodoantipyrine method suggests discordance during cerebral blood flow increases, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 16, 156, 10.1097/00004647-199601000-00018 Pindzola, 1998, The xenon-enhanced computed tomography cerebral blood flow method, Neurosurgery, 43, 1488 Marion, 1991, Acute regional cerebral blood flow changes caused by severe head injuries, J Neurosurg, 74, 407, 10.3171/jns.1991.74.3.0407 Bourna, 1992, Ultra-early evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow in severely head-injured patients using xenon-enhanced computerized tomography, J Neurosurg, 77, 360, 10.3171/jns.1992.77.3.0360 Bourna, 1993, Evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow in acute head injury by stable xenon-enhanced computerized tomography, Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien), 59, 34 Schroder, 1998, Regional cerebral blood volume after severe head injury in patients with regional cerebral ischemia, Neurosurgery, 42, 1276, 10.1097/00006123-199806000-00042 Yonas, 1989, Determination of irreversible ischemia by xenon-enhanced computed tomographic monitoring of cerebral blood flow in patients with symptomatic vasospasm, Neurosurgery, 24, 368, 10.1227/00006123-198903000-00010 Fukui, 1992, Xe/CT cerebral blood flow evaluation of delayed symptomatic cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 13, 265 Kennedy, 1992, Anaesthesia and the ‘inert’ gases with special reference to xenon, Anaesth Intensive Care, 20, 66, 10.1177/0310057X9202000113 Obrist, 1998, Effect of xenon-induced flow activation on xenon-enhanced computed tomography cerebral blood flow calculations, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 18, 1192, 10.1097/00004647-199811000-00005 Becker, 1995, Radiation exposure, 55