Panjabi, 1988, Biomechanical evaluation of spinal fixation devices: I. A. conceptual framework, Spine, 13, 1129, 10.1097/00007632-198810000-00013
Panjabi, 1976, Mechanical properties of the human thoracic spine as shown by three-dimensional load-displacement curves, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 58, 642, 10.2106/00004623-197658050-00011
Panjabi, 1976, Three-dimensional flexibility and stiffness properties of the human thoracic spine, J Biomech, 9, 185, 10.1016/0021-9290(76)90003-8
Edwards, 1987, Variation of lumbar spine stiffness with load, J Biomech Eng, 109, 35, 10.1115/1.3138639
Adams, 1981, The relevance of torsion to the mechanical derangement of the lumbar spine, Spine, 6, 241, 10.1097/00007632-198105000-00006
Goodwin, 1994, Distraction and compression loads enhance spine torsional stiffness, J Biomech, 27, 1049, 10.1016/0021-9290(94)90221-6
Brown, 1957, Some mechanical tests on the lumbosacral spine with particular reference to the intervertebral discs. A preliminary report, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 39, 1135, 10.2106/00004623-195739050-00014
Markolf, 1972, Deformation of the thoracolumbar intervertebral joints in response to external loads, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 54, 511, 10.2106/00004623-197254030-00005
Tencer, 1981, The role of secondary variables in the measurement of the mechanical properties of the lumbar intervertebral joint, J Biomech Eng, 103, 129, 10.1115/1.3138268
Lee, 1984, Lumbosacral spinal fusion. A biomechanical study, Spine, 9, 574, 10.1097/00007632-198409000-00007
Goel, 1987, A technique to evaluate an internal spinal device by use of the Selspot system: An application to the Luque closed loop, Spine, 12, 150, 10.1097/00007632-198703000-00011
Yamamoto, 1989, Three-dimensional movements of the whole lumbar spine and lumbosacral joint, Spine, 14, 1256, 10.1097/00007632-198911000-00020
Shea, 1991, Variations of stiffness and strength along the human cervical spine, J Biomech, 24, 95, 10.1016/0021-9290(91)90354-P
Kunz, 1994, A multi-degree of freedom system for biomechanical testing, J Biomech Eng, 116, 371, 10.1115/1.2895745
Wilke, 1994, A universal spine tester for in vitro experiments with muscle force simulation, Eur Spine J, 3, 91, 10.1007/BF02221446
Crawford, 1995, An apparatus for applying pure nonconstraining moments to spine segments in vitro, Spine, 20, 2097, 10.1097/00007632-199510000-00005
Patwardhan, 1999, A follower load increases the load-carrying capacity of the lumbar spine in compression, Spine, 24, 1003, 10.1097/00007632-199905150-00014
Cobbold, 1974, Transducers for biomedical measurements: Principles and applications, 114
Norton, 1989, Handbook of transducers, 190
Fujie, 1995, The use of a universal force-moment sensor to determine in-situ forces in ligaments: A new methodology, J Biomech Eng, 117, 1, 10.1115/1.2792266
Koogle, 1977, A motion transducer for use in the intact in-vitro human lumbar spine, J Biomech Eng, 99, 160, 10.1115/1.3426284
Panjabi, 1981, A technique for measurement and description of three-dimensional six degree-of-freedom motion of a body joint with an application to the human spine, J Biomech, 14, 447, 10.1016/0021-9290(81)90095-6
Moeini, 1996, Investigation of video techniques for dynamic measurements of relative vertebral-body motion in vitro, Biomed Instrum Technol, 30, 62
Goel, 1995, Biomechanical testing of the spine: Load-controlled versus displacement controlled analysis, Spine, 20, 2354, 10.1097/00007632-199511000-00017
Raibert, 1981, Hybrid position/force control of manipulators, J Dyn Syst Measure Control, 102, 375
Fujie, 1993, The use of robotics technology to study human joint kinematics: A new methodology, J Biomech Eng, 115, 211, 10.1115/1.2895477
Rudy, 1996, A combined robotic/universal force sensor approach to determine in situ forces of knee ligaments, J Biomech, 29, 1357, 10.1016/0021-9290(96)00056-5
Carlin, 1995, In-situ forces in the human posterior cruciate ligament in response to posterior tibial loading, Ann Biomed Eng, 24, 193, 10.1007/BF02667348
Livesay, 1995, Determination of the in situ forces and force distribution within the human anterior cruciate ligament, Ann Biomed Eng, 23, 467, 10.1007/BF02584446
1988
1992
Gilbertson, 1999, Improvement of accuracy in high capacity, six degree-of-freedom load cell: Application to robotic testing of musculoskeletal joints, Ann Biomed Eng, 27, 839, 10.1114/1.236
Grassmann, 1998, Constrained testing conditions affect the axial rotation response of lumbar functional spinal units, Spine, 23, 1155, 10.1097/00007632-199805150-00016
Panjabi, 1992, The stabilizing system of the spine. Part I. Function, dysfunction, adaptation, and enhancement, J Spinal Disord, 5, 383, 10.1097/00002517-199212000-00001