Neurotransmitters in the regulation of neuronal cytoarchitecture

Brain Research Reviews - Tập 13 - Trang 179-212 - 1988
Mark P. Mattson1
1Program in Neuronal Growth and Development, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 U.S.A.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Andersen, 1979, Factors influencing functional connectivity during hippocampal development, Prog. Brain Res., 51, 139, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61302-3 Appel, 1986, A unifying hypothesis for the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinsonism and Alzheimer disease, Ann. Neurol., 10, 499, 10.1002/ana.410100602 Augustine, 1987, Calcium action in synaptic transmitter release, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 10, 633, 10.1146/annurev.ne.10.030187.003221 Bailey, 1983, Morphological basis of long-term habituation and sensitization in Aplysia, Science, 220, 91, 10.1126/science.6828885 Baimbridge, 1981, Calcium uptake and retention during long-term potentiation of neuronal activity in the rat hippocampal slice preparation, Brain Res., 221, 299, 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90779-4 Banker, 1977, Rat hippocampal neurons in dispersed cell culture, Brain Res., 126, 397, 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90594-7 Bartlett, 1984, An electron microscopic study of the development of axons and dendrites by hippocampal neurons in culture. II. Synaptic relationships, J. Neurosci., 4, 1954, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-08-01954.1984 Bastiani, 1984, Neuronal growth cones: specific interactions mediated by filopodial insertion and induction of coated vesicles, 81, 1849 Berdichevsky, 1983, Kainate, N-methylaspartate and other excitatory amino acids increase calcium influx into rat brain cortex cells in vitro, Neurosci. Lett., 36, 75, 10.1016/0304-3940(83)90489-5 Bernhardt, 1984, Light and electron microscopic studies of the distribution of microtubule-associated protein 2 in rat brain: a difference between dendritic and axonal cytoskeletons, J. Comp. Neurol., 226, 203, 10.1002/cne.902260205 Bernheimer, 1973, Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington, J. Neurol. Sci., 20, 415, 10.1016/0022-510X(73)90175-5 Beull, 1979, Dendritic growth in the aged human brain and failure of growth in senile dementia, Science, 206, 854, 10.1126/science.493989 Bowen, 1983, Biochemical assessment of serotonergic and cholinergic dysfunction and cerebral atrophy in Alzheimer's disease, J. Neurochem., 41, 266, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb11838.x Bray, 1973, Model for membrane movements in the neural growth cone, Nature (Lond.), 244, 93, 10.1038/244093a0 Bulloch, 1987, Somatostatin enhances neurite outgrowth and electrical coupling of regenerating neurons in Helisoma, Brain Res., 412, 6, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)91434-X Burke, 1981, Ca2+— and calmodulinstimulated endogenous phosphorylation of neurotubulin, 78, 991 Bursztajn, 1984, Coated vesicles are associated with acetylcholine receptors at nerve-muscle contacts, J. Neurocytol., 13, 503, 10.1007/BF01148078 Caceres, 1986, Immunocytochemical localization of tubulin and microtubule-associated protein 2 during the development of hippocampal neurons in culture, J. Neurosci., 6, 714, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-03-00714.1986 Candy, 1983, Pathological changes in the nucleus of Meynert in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, J. Neurol. Sci., 59, 277, 10.1016/0022-510X(83)90045-X Chang, 1984, Transient and enduring morphological correlates of synaptic activity and efficacy change in the rat hippocampal slice, Brain Res., 309, 35, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)91008-4 Choi, 1985, Glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture is calcium-dependent, Neurosci. Lett., 58, 293, 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90069-2 Choi, 1987, Glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture, J. Neurosci., 7, 357, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.07-02-00357.1987 Choi, 1987, Ionic dependence of glutamate neurotoxicity, J. Neurosci., 7, 369, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.07-02-00369.1987 Cohan, 1986, Suppression of neurite elongation and growth cone dynamics by electrical activity, Science, 232, 1638, 10.1126/science.3715470 Cohan, 1987, Electrically and chemically mediated increases in intracellular calcium in neuronal growth cones, J. Neurosci., 7, 3588, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.07-11-03588.1987 Coleman, 1968, Environmental effects on cortical dendritic fields. I. Rearing in the dark, J. Anat., 102, 363 Coleman, 1986, Stability of dendrites in cortical barrels of C57B1/6N mice between 4 and 45 months, Neurobiol. Aging, 7, 101, 10.1016/0197-4580(86)90147-8 Coleman, 1986, Dendritic proliferation in the aging brain as a compensatory repair mechanism, Prog. Brain Res., 70, 227, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)64307-1 Collinridge, 1983, The antagonism of amino acid-induced excitations of rat hippocampal CA1 neurons in vitro, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 334, 19, 10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014477 Collinridge, 1983, Excitatory amino acids in synaptic transmission in the Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway of the rat hippocampus, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 334, 34 Cotman, 1985, Synaptic Plasticity, 579 Cotman, 1979, Specificity of synaptic growth in brain: remodeling induced by kainic acid lesions, Prog. Brain Res., 51, 203, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61306-0 Coyle, 1976, Lesion of striatal neurons with kainic acid provides a model for Huntington's chorea, Nature (Lond.), 263, 244, 10.1038/263244a0 Coyle, 1981, Excitatory amino acid neurotoxins: selectivity, specificity and mechanism of action, Neurosci. Res. Prog. Bull., 19, 331 Coyle, 1983, Alzheimer's disease: a disorder of cortical cholinergic innervation, Science, 219, 1184, 10.1126/science.6338589 Curcio, 1982, Morphology of the aging central nervous system: not all downhill, Vol. 3, 7 Dames, 1985, Gamma-aminobutyric acid enables synaptogenesis in the intact superior cervical ganglion of the adult rat, Neurosci. Lett., 54, 159, 10.1016/S0304-3940(85)80072-0 Davies, 1978, Regional distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in normal and Alzheimer type dementia brains, Brain Res., 138, 385, 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90758-2 Davies, 1980, Reduced somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in cases of Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer senile dementia, Nature (Lond.), 288, 279, 10.1038/288279a0 Desmond, 1983, Synaptic correlates of associative potentiation/depression: an ultrastructural study in the hippocampus, Brain Res., 265, 21, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)91329-X Diamond, 1972, Effects of environmental enrichment and impoverishment on rat cerebral cortex, J. Neurobiol., 3, 47, 10.1002/neu.480030105 Dingledine, 1983, N-Methylaspartate activates voltage-dependent calcium conductance in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 343, 385, 10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014899 Donaldson, 1983, Calcium accumulation precedes the degenerative effects of L-glutamate on locust muscle fibre, Brain Res., 274, 261, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90703-5 Douglas, 1961, The role of calcium in the secretory response of the adrenal medulla to acetylcholine, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 159, 40, 10.1113/jphysiol.1961.sp006791 Dunwiddie, 1978, Synaptic transmission is required for initiation of long-term potentiation, Brain Res., 150, 413, 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90293-7 Dunwiddie, 1982, Modulation of long-term potentiation: effects of adrenergic and neuroleptic drugs, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 17, 1257, 10.1016/0091-3057(82)90130-7 Elliot, 1904, On the action of adrenalin, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 31, xx 1986 Fagni, 1983, Classification and properties of acidic amino acid receptors in hippocampus. I. Electrophysiological studies of an apparent desensitization and interaction with drugs which block transmission, J. Neurosci., 3, 1538, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.03-08-01538.1983 Fawcett, 1985, The role of electrical activity in the formation of topographic maps in the nervous system, Trends Neurosci., 9, 201, 10.1016/0166-2236(85)90079-7 Ferrendelli, 1986, Roles of biogenic amines and cyclic nucleotides in seizure mechanisms, Adv. Neurol., 44, 393 Fiala, 1978, Environmental complexity modulates growth of granule cell dendrites in developing but not adult hippocampus of rats, Exp. Neurol., 59, 372, 10.1016/0014-4886(78)90229-7 Fifkova, 1983, Calcium in the spine apparatus of dendritic spines in the dentate molecular layer, Brain Res., 266, 163, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)91322-7 Fleeter, 1979, Cerebellar plasticity: modification of Purkinje cell structure by differential rearing in monkeys, Science, 206, 227, 10.1126/science.113873 Fonnum, 1984, Glutamate: a neurotransmitter in mammalian brain, J. Neurochem., 42, 1, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb09689.x Forno, 1980, Pathology of Parkinson's disease, 25 Forscher, 1987, Cyclic AMP induces changes in distribution and transport of organelles within growth cones of Aplysia bag cell neurons, J. Neurosci., 7, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.07-11-03600.1987 Frank, 1987, The influence of neuronal activity on patterns of synaptic connections, Trends Neurosci., 11 Fraser, 1980, Retinotectal specificity: models and experiments in search of a mapping function, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 3, 319, 10.1146/annurev.ne.03.030180.001535 Frosch, 1986, Nicotinic cholinergic blocking agents enhance process outgrowth by solitary tract retinal ganglion cells in culture, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 12, 1505 Geddes, 1986, Density and distribution of NMDA receptors in the human hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease, Brain Res., 399, 156, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90611-6 Goldberg, 1985, Experimental reduction of serotonin content during embryogenesis alters morphology and connectivity of specific identified Helisoma neurons, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 11, 158 Goldberg, 1986, Embryonic and postembryonic development of the serotonin phenotype in Helisoma, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 12, 1163 Goldberger, 1985, Recovery of function and anatomical plasticity after damage to the adult and neonatal spinal cord, 77 Goldenring, 1986, Association of calmodulin-dependent kinase II and its substrate proteins with neuronal cytoskeleton, Prog. Brain Res., 69, 341, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61069-9 Green, 1980, The nerve growth factor, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 4, 353, 10.1146/annurev.ne.03.030180.002033 Greenamyre, 1984, Quantitative autoradiographic distribution of the l-[3H]glutamate-binding sites in rat central nervous system, J. Neurosci., 4, 2133, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-08-02133.1984 Greenamyre, 1985, Alterations in l-glutamate binding in Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases, Science, 225, 1496, 10.1126/science.2858129 Griffiths, 1984, Status epilepticus: the reversibility of calcium loading and acute neuronal pathological changes in the rat hippocampus, Neuroscience, 12, 557, 10.1016/0306-4522(84)90073-3 Grinvald, 1981, Optical recording of calcium action potentials from growth cones of cultured neurons with a laser microbeam, Science, 212, 1164, 10.1126/science.7233210 Gunderson, 1980, Characterization of the turning response of dorsal root neurites toward nerve growth factor, J. Cell Biol., 87, 546, 10.1083/jcb.87.3.546 Hardy, 1985, Transmitter deficits in Alzheimer's disease, Neurochem. Int., 7, 545, 10.1016/0197-0186(85)90050-6 Hauser, 1987, Endogenous opioids regulate neuronal development and synapse formation in the rat cerebellum: ultrastructural observations, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 13, 1428 Haydon, 1984, Serotonin selectively inhibits growth cone dynamics and synaptogenesis of specific identified neurons, Science, 226, 561, 10.1126/science.6093252 Haydon, 1985, Neuron-specific growth cone properties as seen in identified neurons of Helisoma, J. Neurosci. Res., 13, 135, 10.1002/jnr.490130110 Hebb, 1949, The Organization of Behavior, 335 Henke, 1983, Cholinergic enzymes in neocortex, hippocampus and basal forebrain of non-neurological and senile dementia of Alzheimer type patients, Brain Res., 267, 281, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90880-6 Hepler, 1985, Calcium and plant development, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 36, 397, 10.1146/annurev.pp.36.060185.002145 Hinkle, 1981, The direction of growth of differentiating neurons and myoblasts from frog embryos in an applied electric field, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 314, 121, 10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013695 Hornykiewicz, 1986, Biochemical pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, Adv. Neurol., 45, 19 Hyman, 1986, Glutamate depletion of the perforant pathway terminal zone in Alzheimer's disease, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 12, 994 1975, Vols. I and II 1985, Vols. III and IV Ishii, 1978, Effect of tumor promoters on the response of cultured embryonic chick ganglia to nerve growth factor, Cancer Res., 38, 3886 Jacobson, 1979 Jaffe, 1979, Neurites grow faster towards the cathode than the anode in a steady field, J. Exp. Zool., 209, 115, 10.1002/jez.1402090114 Jones, 1986, Glutamate enhancement of neurite outgrowth in Helisoma neurons, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 12, 509 Jones, 1962, Changes in the dendritic organization of neurons in the cerebral cortex following deafferentation, J. Anat., 96, 375 Joo, 1987, Finestructural changes of synapses in the superior cervical ganglion of adult rats after long-term administration of GABA, Cell Tissue Res., 249, 267, 10.1007/BF00215509 Kaczmarek, 1986, The role of protein kinases in the control of prolonged changes in neuronal excitability, Prog. Brain Res., 69, 77, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61050-X Kandel, 1982, Molecular biology of learning: modulation of neurotransmitter release, Science, 218, 433, 10.1126/science.6289442 Kater, 1974, Feeding in Helisoma trivolvis: the morphological and physiological bases of a fixed action pattern, Am. Zool., 14, 1017, 10.1093/icb/14.3.1017 Kater, 1988, Extrinsic and intrinsic regulators of neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis in isolated, identified Helisoma neurons in culture Kater, 1988, Calcium control of growth cones, Trends Neurosci., 10.1016/0166-2236(88)90094-X Katz, 1967, The timing of calcium action during neuromuscular transmission, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 189, 535, 10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008183 Kostenko, 1983, Ca2+ and pH affect the neurite formation in cultured mollusc isolated neurons, Brain Res., 276, 43, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90546-2 Kostyuk, 1986, Cyclic nucleotides as modulators and activators of ionic channels in the nerve cell membrane, Prog. Brain Res., 69, 133, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61054-7 Krnjevic, 1986, Changes in free calcium ion concentration recorded inside hippocampal pyramidal neurons in situ, Brain Res., 374, 1, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90388-4 Krug, 1982, Blockade of longterm potentiation in the dentate gyrus of freely moving rats by the glutamic acid antagonist GDEE, Brain Res., 249, 57, 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90168-8 Krug, 1983, Aminergic blockade modulates long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of freely moving rats, Brain Res. Bull., 11, 1, 10.1016/0361-9230(83)90048-5 Kudo, 1986, Glutamate-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in isolated hippocampal neurons, Br. J. Pharmacol., 89, 191, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1986.tb11135.x Kudo, 1987, Cytoplasmic calcium elevation in hippocampal granule cell induced by perforant path stimulation and L-glutamate application, Brain Res., 407, 168, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)91233-9 Kuhnt, 1985, Increased binding of calcium in the hippocampus during long-term potentiation, Neurosci. Lett., 53, 149, 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90177-6 Kupferman, 1980, The role of cyclic nucleotides in excitable cells, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 42, 629, 10.1146/annurev.ph.42.030180.003213 Lang, 1983, Cholinergic receptor binding and autoradiography in brains of non-neurological and senile dementia of Alzheimer-type patients, Brain Res., 267, 271, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90879-X Langston, 1984, Selective nigral toxicity after systemic administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrine (MPTP) in the squirrel monkey, Brain Res., 292, 390, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90777-7 Lankford, 1986, Transient D1 receptor mediates dopamine inhibition of growth cone motility and neurite outgrowth in a subset of vertebrate CNS neurons, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 12, 1116 Lee, 1980, Brief bursts of high frequency stimulation produce two types of structural changes in rat hippocampus, J. Neurophysiol., 44, 247, 10.1152/jn.1980.44.2.247 Leffert, 1980, Growth regulation by ion fluxes, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 339, 335 Lemos, 1986, Regulation of ion channel activity by protein phosphorylation, Prog. Brain Res., 69, 107, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61052-3 Letourneau, 1984, Inhibition of neurite initiation and growth by taxol, J. Cell Biol., 98, 1355, 10.1083/jcb.98.4.1355 Letourneau, 1985, Axonal growth and guidance, 269 Levi-Montalcini, 1968, Nerve growth factor, Physiol. Rev., 48, 534, 10.1152/physrev.1968.48.3.534 Levitan, 1985, Phosphorylation of ion channels, J. Membr. Biol., 87, 177, 10.1007/BF01871217 Llinas, 1980, Electrophysiological properties of in vitro Purkinje cell dendrites in mammalian cerebellar slices, J Physiol. (Lond.), 305, 197, 10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013358 Lynch, 1984, The biochemistry of memory: a new and specific hypothesis, Science, 224, 1057, 10.1126/science.6144182 Lynch, 1986, Synapses, Circuitsand the Beginnings of Memory, 122 Maragos, 1987, Glutamate dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: an hypothesis, Trends Neurosci., 10, 65, 10.1016/0166-2236(87)90025-7 Marsh, 1946, vitro control of growing chick nerve fibers by applied electric currents, J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 27, 139, 10.1002/jcp.1030270303 Marsh, 1984, Growth of neurites without filopodial or lamellipodial activity in the presence of cytochalasin B, J. Cell Biol, 99, 2041, 10.1083/jcb.99.6.2041 Martin, 1983, Naloxone and long-term potentiation of hippocampal CA3 field potentials in vitro, Neuropeptides, 4, 45, 10.1016/0143-4179(83)90007-0 Mash, 1985, Loss of M2 muscarinic receptors in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease and experimental cholinergic denervation, Science, 228, 1115, 10.1126/science.3992249 Mattson, 1987, Calcium regulation of neurite elongation and growth cone motility, J. Neurosci., 7, 4034, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.07-12-04034.1987 Mattson, 1988, Outgrowth-regulating actions of glutamate in isolated hippocampal pyramidal neurons, J. Neurosci., 8, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.08-06-02087.1988 Mattson, 1987, Pruning of hippocampal pyramidal neuron dendritic architecture in vitro by glutamate and a protective effect of GABA plus diazepam, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 13, 367 Mattson, 1988, Neurite outgrowth in individual neurons of a neuronal population is differentially regulated by calcium and cyclic AMP, J. Neurosci., 8, 1704, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.08-05-01704.1988 Mattson, M.P. and Kater, S.B., Second messenger regulation of neuronal survival and outgrowth in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, submitted. Mattson, 1987, Components of neurite outgrowth which determine neuronal cytoarchitecture: regulation by calcium and the growth substrate, Am. Zool., 27, 100A Mattson, 1988, Fibronectin-like immunoreactivity in Helisoma buccal ganglia: evidence that an endogenous fibronectin-like molecule promotes neurite outgrowth, J. Neurobiol., 19, 233, 10.1002/neu.480190306 Mayer, 1987, Cellular mechanisms underlying excitotoxicity, Trends Neurosci., 10, 59, 10.1016/0166-2236(87)90023-3 McCobb, 1985, Dopamine: an additional regulator of neurite outgrowth in Helisoma, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 11, 761 McCobb, 1986, Serotonin inhibition of growth cone motility is blocked by acetylcholine, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 12, 1117 McGeer, 1984, Aging, Alzheimer's diseaseand the cholinergic system, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 62, 741, 10.1139/y84-123 Mehraein, 1975, Quantitative study on dendrites and dendritic spines in Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia, Adv. Neurol., 12, 453 Meiri, 1981, Membrane conductance and action potential of a regenerating axonal tip, Science, 211, 709, 10.1126/science.7455707 Meldrum, 1985, Possible therapeutic applications of antagonists of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, Clin. Sci., 68, 113, 10.1042/cs0680113 Meldrum, 1986, Cell damage in epilepsy and the role of calcium in cytotoxicity, Adv. Neurol., 44, 849 Meyer, 1982, Tetrodotoxin blocks the formation of ocular dominance columns in goldfish, Science, 218, 589, 10.1126/science.7123262 Meynert, 1867, Bau des Gross-Hirnrinde und seine örtliche Verschiedenheiten, nebst einem pathologisch-anatomischen Corollarium, Vjschr. Psychiat., 1, 77 Murphy, 1986, Excitotoxin mediated lysis of neuroblastoma cells in culture is decreased by oaubain and calcium antagonists, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 12, 343 Nestler, 1983, Protein phosphorylation in the brain, Nature (Lond.), 305, 583, 10.1038/305583a0 Nestler, 1986, Synapsin I: a review of its distribution and biological regulation, Prog. Brain Res., 69, 323, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61068-7 Nieto-Sampedro, 1985, Growth factor induction and temporal order in central nervous system repair, 407 Nirenberg, 1984, Modulation of synapse formation by cyclic adenosine monophosphate, Science, 222, 794, 10.1126/science.6314503 Nixon, 1986, Fodrin degradation by calcium-activated neutral proteinase (CANP) in retinal ganglion cell neurons and optic glia: preferential localization of CANP activities in neurons, J. Neurosci., 6, 1264, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-05-01264.1986 Olney, 1978, Neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acids, 95 Oppenheim, 1987, Muscle activity and motor neuron death in the spinal cord of the chick embryo, 96 Patel, 1982, Orientation of neurite growth by extracellular electric fields, J. Neurosci., 2, 483, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.02-04-00483.1982 Paul, 1986, Structural substrates of epilepsy, Adv. Neurol., 44, 775 Pauloin, 1986, Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanisms in coated vesicles, Prog. Brain Res., 69, 259, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61064-X Pfenninger, 1986, Protein phosphorylation in the nerve growth cone, Prog. Brain Res., 69, 235, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61062-6 Price, 1986, New perspectives on Alzheimer's disease, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 9, 489, 10.1146/annurev.ne.09.030186.002421 Probst, 1983, Neuritic plaques in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: a Golgi analysis in the hippocampal region, Brain Res., 268, 249, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90490-0 Purves, 1985, Changes in the dendritic branching of adult mammalian neurons, Nature (Lond.), 315, 404, 10.1038/315404a0 Purves, 1986, Dynamic changes in the dendritic geometry of individual neurons visualized over periods of up to three months in the superior cervical ganglion of living mice, J. Neurosci., 6, 1051, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-04-01051.1986 Raisman, 1985, Synapse formation in the septal nuclei of adult rats Rakic, 1973, Sequence of developmental abnormalities leading to granule cell deficit in cerebellar cortex of weaver mutant mice, J. Comp. Neurol., 152, 103, 10.1002/cne.901520202 Rakic, 1973, Organization of cerebellar cortex secondary to deficit of granule cells in weaver mutant mice, J. Comp. Neurol., 152, 133, 10.1002/cne.901520203 Ramon y Cajal S., Histologie du Système Nerveux de l'Hommeetdes Vertebres, Maloine, Paris, 1909–1911. Rasmussen, 1981 Reboulleau, 1986, Extracellular calcium-induced neuroblastoma differentiation: involvement of phosphatidylinositol turnover, J. Neurochem., 46, 920, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb13058.x Rees, 1976, Morphological changes in the neuritic growth cone and target neuron during synaptic junction development in culture, J. Cell Biol., 68, 240, 10.1083/jcb.68.2.240 Retz, 1984, The differential effects of excitatory amino acids on uptake of 45CaCl2 by slices from mouse striatum, Neuropharmacology, 23, 89, 10.1016/0028-3908(84)90222-3 Roberts, 1986, Failure of GABAergic inhibition: a key to local and global seizures, Adv. Neurol., 44, 319 Robinson, 1980, Polarization of fucoid eggs by a calcium ionophore gradient, Science, 207, 77, 10.1126/science.207.4426.77 Rothman, 1984, Synaptic release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter mediates anoxic neuronal death, J. Neurosci., 4, 1884, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-07-01884.1984 Rothman, 1985, The neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acids is produced by passive chloride influx, J. Neurosci., 5, 1483, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.05-06-01483.1985 Routtenberg, 1986, Synapic plasticity and protein kinase C, Prog. Brain Res., 69, 211, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61061-4 Rutledge, 1974, Morphological changes in pyramidal cells of mammalian neocortex associated with increased use, Exp. Neurol., 44, 209, 10.1016/0014-4886(74)90060-0 Sasaki, 1987, Regional distribution of amino acid transmitters in postmortem brains of presenile and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, Ann. Neurol., 19, 263, 10.1002/ana.410190307 Sawada, 1983, Selective activation of synapses near the tip of drug-ejecting microelectrodeand effects of antagonists of excitatory amino acids in the hippocampus, Brain Res., 267, 156, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)91050-8 Schmidt, 1983, Activity sharpens the map during the regeneration of the retinotectal projection of goldfish, Brain Res., 269, 29, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90959-9 Schubert, 1978, Alterations in the surface properties of cells responsive to nerve growth factor, Nature (Lond.), 273, 718, 10.1038/273718a0 Schwanz, 1984, Excitotoxic models for neurodegenerative disorders, Life Sci., 35, 19, 10.1016/0024-3205(84)90148-6 Shapiro, 1973, Morphological and biochemical alterations in foetal rat brain cells cultured in the presence of monobutyryl cyclic AMP, Nature (Lond.), 241, 203, 10.1038/241203a0 Simon, 1984, Calcium overload in selectively vulnerable neurons of the hippocampus during and after ischemia: an electron microscopy study in the rat, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 4, 350, 10.1038/jcbfm.1984.52 Simon, 1984, Blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors may protect against ischemic damage in the brain, Science, 226, 850, 10.1126/science.6093256 Sims, 1983, Presynaptic cholinergic dysfunction in patients with dementia, J. Neurochem., 40, 503, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb11311.x Sloviter, 1983, ‘Epileptic’ brain damage in rats induced by sustained electrical stimulation of the perforant path. I. Acute electrophysiological and light microscopic studies, Brain Res. Bull., 10, 675, 10.1016/0361-9230(83)90037-0 Solomon, 1981, Specification of cell morphology by endogenous determinants, J. Cell Biol., 90, 547, 10.1083/jcb.90.3.547 Spear, 1985, Neural mechanisms of compensation following neonatal visual cortex damage, 111 Spencer, 1986, Motoneurone disease on Guam: possible role of a food neurotoxin, Lancet, 1, 965, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91059-7 Spinelli, 1983, Tumor promoter receptor regulation of neurite formation in cultured human neuroblastoma cells, Cancer Res., 43, 4119 Taylor-Hunter, 1987, Regulation of neurite outgrowth by calcium cyclic AMP, and protein kinase C second messenger systems in a diverse population of identified and unidentified Helisoma neurons, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 13, 1484 Teyler, 1987, Long-term potentiation, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 10, 131, 10.1146/annurev.ne.10.030187.001023 Traynor, 1984, The relationship between neurite extension and phospholipid metabolism in PC12 cells, Dev. Brain Res., 14, 205 Tully, 1987, Drosophila learning and memory revisited, Trends Neurosci., 10, 330, 10.1016/0166-2236(87)90090-7 Valverde, 1971, Rate and extent of recovery from dark rearing in the mouse, Brain Res., 33, 1, 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90302-7 Volicer, 1985, Serotonergic system in dementia of the Alzheimer type, Arch. Neurol., 42, 1158, 10.1001/archneur.1985.04060110040013 Voyvodic, 1987, Development and regulation of dendrites in the rat superior cervical ganglion, J. Neurosci., 7, 904, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.07-03-00904.1987 Watkins, 1981, Excitatory amino acid transmitters, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 21, 165, 10.1146/annurev.pa.21.040181.001121 Watkins, 1987, Agonists and antagonists for excitatory amino acid receptors, Trends Neurosci., 10, 265, 10.1016/0166-2236(87)90171-8 Wieloch, 1985, Neurochemical correlates to selective neuronal vulnerability, Prog. Brain Res., 63, 69, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61976-7 Will, 1985 Wong, 1981, Neurite outgrowth in molluscan organ and cell cultures: the role of conditioning factor(s), J. Neurosci., 1, 1008, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.01-09-01008.1981 Worley, 1987, Beyond receptors: multiple second-messenger systems in brain, Ann. Neurol., 21, 217, 10.1002/ana.410210302 Young, 1983, Spontaneous release of transmitter from growth cone of embryonic neurone, Nature (Lond.), 305, 634, 10.1038/305634a0 Zaczek, 1987, Characteristics of chloride-dependent incorporation of glutamate into brain membranes argue against a receptor binding site, Neuropharmacology, 26, 281, 10.1016/0028-3908(87)90179-1 Zor, 1983, Role of cytoskeletal organization in the regulation of adenylate cyclase-cyclic adenosine monophosphate by hormones, Endocr. Rev., 4, 1, 10.1210/edrv-4-1-1