Neuropsychological effects in children exposed to anticonvulsant monotherapy during gestation: Phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and phenytoin

Holmes, 2001, The teratogenicity of anticonvulsant drugs, N Engl J Med, 344, 1132, 10.1056/NEJM200104123441504 Harden, 2009, Practice Parameter update: Management issues for women with epilepsy—Focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): Obstetrical complications and change in seizure frequency, Neurology, 73, 126, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b2f8 Hanson, 1976, Fetal hydantoin syndrome, The Lancet, 307, 692, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)92805-1 Nulman, 1997, Findings in children exposed in utero to phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy: Independent effects of epilepsy and medications, Am J Med Genet, 68, 18, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19970110)68:1<18::AID-AJMG4>3.0.CO;2-U Jones, 1992, Pregnancy outcome in women treated with phenobarbital monotherapy, Teratology, 45, 452 Jones, 1989, Pattern of malformations in the children of women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy, N Engl J Med, 320, 1661, 10.1056/NEJM198906223202505 Stadelmaier, 2017, Exposure to sodium valproate during pregnancy: facial features and signs of autism, Birth Defects Res, 109, 1134, 10.1002/bdr2.1052 Bromley, 2009, Cognitive abilities and behaviour of children exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero, Curr Opin Neurol, 22, 162, 10.1097/WCO.0b013e3283292401 Adams, 2006, The structural and functional teratology of anti-epileptic medications, 116 Meador, 2009, Cognitive function at 3 years of age after fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs, N Engl J Med, 360, 1597, 10.1056/NEJMoa0803531 Meador, 2018, Changes in antiepileptic drug-prescribing patterns in pregnant women with epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 84, 10, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.04.009 Dekker, 2002 Bromley, 2010, Early cognitive development in children born to women with epilepsy: A prospective report, Epilepsia, 51, 2058, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02668.x Meador, 2012, Effects of fetal antiepileptic drug exposure, Neurology, 78, 1207, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318250d824 Palac, 2011, Antiepileptic drugs and neurodevelopment: an update, Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 11, 423, 10.1007/s11910-011-0194-y Meador, 2013, Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study, Lancet Neurol, 12, 244, 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70323-X Cohen, 2013, Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure: adaptive and emotional/behavioral functioning at age 6years, Epilepsy Behav, 29, 308, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.08.001 Viinikainen, 2006, The effects of valproate exposure in utero on behavior and the need for educational support in school-aged children, Epilepsy Behav, 9, 636, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.08.007 Research C for DE and. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Children born to mothers who took Valproate products while pregnant may have impaired cognitive development. FDA 2011. Adams J, Holmes LB, Janulewicz P. The adverse effect profile of neurobehavioral teratogens: Phenobarbital. Birth Defects Res(A) 2004;70:280. Cohen, 2011, Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure: Motor, adaptive, and emotional/behavioral functioning at age 3 years, Epilepsy Behav, 22, 240, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.06.014 Cummings, 2011, Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to lamotrigine, sodium valproate and carbamazepine, Arch Dis Child, 96, 643, 10.1136/adc.2009.176990 Ornoy, 1996, Outcome of children born to epileptic mothers treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy, Arch Dis Child, 75, 517, 10.1136/adc.75.6.517 Husebye, 2020, Language impairment in children aged 5 and 8 years after antiepileptic drug exposure in utero – the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, Eur J Neurol, 27, 667, 10.1111/ene.14140 Veiby, 2013, Exposure to antiepileptic drugs in utero and child development: A prospective population-based study, Epilepsia, 54, 1462, 10.1111/epi.12226 Veiby, 2013, Early child development and exposure to antiepileptic drugs prenatally and through breastfeeding: A prospective cohort study on children of women with epilepsy, JAMA Neurol, 70, 1367, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.4290 Huber-Mollema, 2020, Neurocognition after prenatal levetiracetam, lamotrigine, carbamazepine or valproate exposure, J Neurol, 267, 1724, 10.1007/s00415-020-09764-w Wide, 2002, Psychomotor development in preschool children exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero, Acta Paediatr, 91, 409, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01663.x Scolnik, 1994, Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy, JAMA, 271, 767, 10.1001/jama.1994.03510340057034 Gaily, 2004, Normal intelligence in children with prenatal exposure to carbamazepine, Neurology, 62, 28, 10.1212/WNL.62.1.28 Deshmukh, 2016, Behavioral outcomes in children exposed prenatally to lamotrigine, valproate, or carbamazepine, Neurotoxicol Teratol, 54, 5, 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.01.001 Wood, 2015, Prospective assessment of autism traits in children exposed to antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy, Epilepsia, 56, 1047, 10.1111/epi.13007 Baker, 2015, IQ at 6 years after in utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs, Neurology, 84, 382, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001182 Holmes, 1994, Anticonvulsant teratogenesis: I. A study design for newborn infants, Teratology, 49, 202, 10.1002/tera.1420490316 Drane, 2002, Cognitive and behavioral effects of antiepileptic drugs, Epilepsy Behav, 3, 49, 10.1016/S1525-5069(02)00502-9 Meador, 2002, Neurodevelopmental effects of antiepileptic drugs, Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 2, 373, 10.1007/s11910-002-0013-6 Fisher, 2011, Challenging assumptions about minority participation in US Clinical Research, Am J Public Health, 101, 2217, 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300279 Paskett, 2008, Recruitment of minority and underserved populations in the United States: The centers for population health and health disparities experience, Contemp Clin Trials, 29, 847, 10.1016/j.cct.2008.07.006 Adab, 2004, The longer term outcome of children born to mothers with epilepsy, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 75, 1575, 10.1136/jnnp.2003.029132 Hanson, 1976, Risks to the offspring of women treated with hydantoin anticonvulsants, with emphasis on the fetal hydantoin syndrome, J Pediatr, 89, 662, 10.1016/S0022-3476(76)80414-3 Hill, 1982, Relationships between antiepileptic drug exposure of the infant and development potential, Epilepsy Pregnancy Child, 409 Meador, 2011, Foetal antiepileptic drug exposure and verbal versus non-verbal abilities at three years of age, Brain, 134, 396, 10.1093/brain/awq352 Reinisch, 1995, In utero exposure to phenobarbital and intelligence deficits in adult men, JAMA, 274, 1518, 10.1001/jama.1995.03530190032031 Ikonomidou, 2010, Antiepileptic drugs and brain development, Epilepsy Res, 88, 11, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.09.019 Eriksen H-LF, Kesmodel US, Underbjerg M, Kilburn TR, Bertrand J, Mortensen EL. Predictors of intelligence at the age of 5: family, pregnancy and birth characteristics, postnatal influences, and postnatal growth. PloS One 2013;8:e79200.