Neuroplasticity and cellular resilience in mood disorders

Molecular Psychiatry - Tập 5 Số 6 - Trang 578-593 - 2000
Husseini K. Manji1, Gregory J. Moore1, Grażyna Rajkowska2, G Chen1
1Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
2Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Goldberg JF, Harrow M . Bipolar Disorders: Clinical Course and Outcome American Psychiatric Press: Washington, DC 1999

Goodwin FK, Jamison KR . Manic-depressive Illness Oxford University Press: New York 1990

Musselman DL, Evans DL, Nemeroff CB . The relationship of depression to cardiovascular disease: epidemiology, biology, and treatment Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 580–592

Licinio J, Wong ML . The role of inflammatory mediators in the biology of major depression: central nervous system cytokines modulate the biological substrate of depressive symptoms, regulate stress-responsive systems, and contribute to neurotoxicity and neuroprotection Mol Psychiatry 1999; 4: 317–327

Schulz R, Beach SR, Ives DG, Martire LM, Ariyo AA, Kop WJ . Association between depression and mortality in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 1761–1768

Murray CJ, Lopez AD . Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study Lancet 1997; 349: 1436–1442

Murray CJ, Lopez AD . Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study Lancet 1997; 349: 1498–1504

Mesulam MM . Neuroplasticity failure in Alzheimer's disease: bridging the gap between plaques and tangles Neuron 1999; 24: 521–529

Kandel ER . From metapsychology to molecular biology: explorations into the nature of anxiety Am J Psychiatry 1983; 140: 1277–1293

Duman RS, Heninger GR, Nestler EJ . A molecular and cellular theory of depression Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 597–606

Manji HK, Moore GJ, Chen G . Clinical and preclinical evidence for the neurotrophic and effects of mood-stabilizing agents: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of manic-depressive illness Biol Psychiatry 2000; (in press

Elkis H, Friedman L, Wise A, Meltzer HY . Meta-analyses of studies of ventricular enlargement and cortical sulcal prominence in mood disorders. Comparisons with controls or patients with schizophrenia Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 735–746

Soares JC, Mann JJ . The anatomy of mood disorders: review of structural neuroimaging studies Biol Psychiatry 1997; 41: 86–106

Drevets WC, Price JL, Simpson JR et al. Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders Nature 1997; 386: 824–827

Drevets WC, Gadde KM, Krishnan KRR . Neuroimaging studies of mood disorders, In: DS Charney, EJ Nestler, BS Bunney (eds) Neurobiology of Mental Illness Oxford University Press: New York 1999; pp 394–418

Sheline YI, Wany P, Gado MH, Csernansky JG, Vannier MW . Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 3908–3913

Sheline Y, Sang M, Mintum M, Gado M . Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medical healthy women with recurrent major depression J Neurosci 1999; 19: 5034

Steffens DC, Krishnan KR . Structural neuroimaging and mood disorders: recent findings, implications for classification, and future directions Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43: 705–712

Hirayasu Y, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, Kwon JS, Wible CG, Fischer IA et al. Subgenual cingulate cortex volume in first-episode psychosis Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1091–1093

Bremner JD, Narayan M, Anderson ER, Staib LH, Miller HL, Charney DS . Hippocampal volume reduction in major depression Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 115–118

Krishnan KR, Doraiswamy PM, Figiel GS, Husain MM, Shah SA, Na C et al. Hippocampal abnormalities in depression J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1991; 3: 387–391

Shah PJ, Ebmeier KP, Glabus MF, Goodwin GM . Cortical grey matter reductions associated with treatment-resistant chronic unipolar depression Br J Psychiatry 1998; 172: 527–532

Brown ES, Rush AJ, McEwen BS . Hippocampal remodeling and damage by corticosteroids: implications for mood disorders Neuropsychopharmacology 1999; 21: 474–484

Sapolsky RM . The possibility of neurotoxicity in the hippocampus in major depression: a primer on neuron death Biol Psychiatry 2000; (in press

McEwen BS . Stress and hippocampal plasticity Annu Rev Neurosci 1999; 22: 105–122

Baslow MH . Functions of N-acetyl-L-aspartate and N-acetyl-L-aspartylglutamate in the vertebrate brain: role in glial cell-specific signaling J Neurochem 2000; 75: 453–459

Tsai G, Coyle JT . N-acetylaspartate in neuropsychiatric disorders Prog Neurobiol 1995; 46: 531–540

Bates TE, Strangward M, Keelan J, Davey GP, Munro PM, Clark JB . Inhibition of N-acetylaspartate production: implications for 1H MRS studies in vivo Neuroreport 1996; 7: 1397–1400

Bertolino A, Frye M, Callicott JH, Repella JD, Rakow RL, Post RM et al. Neuronal pathology in the hippocampal area of patients with bipolar disorder: A H-1-MRSI study Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 135S

Frye MA, Bertolino A, Callicott JH, Repella JD, Rakow RL, Post RM, Weiberger DR . A 1H-MRSI hippocampal study in bipolar patients with a history of alcohol abuse Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47: 260S

Winsberg ME, Sachs N, Tate DL, Adalsteinsson E, Spielman D, Ketter TA . Decreased dorsolateral prefrontal N-acetyl aspartate in bipolar disorders Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47: 475–481

Kato T, Takahashi S, Shioiri T, Murashita J, Hamakawa H, Inubushi T . Reduction of brain phosphocreatine in bipolar II disorder detected by phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy J Affect Disord 1994; 31: 125–133

Kato T, Shioiri T, Murashita J, Hamakawa H, Inubushi T, Takahashi S . Phosphorous-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and ventricular enlargement in bipolar disorder Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging 1994; 55: 41–50

Kato T, Takahashi S, Shioiri T, Inubushi T . Brain phosphorous metabolism in depressive disorders detected by phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy J Affect Disord 1992; 26: 223–230

Kato T, Shioiri T, Murashita J, Hamakawa H, Takashashi Y, Inubushi T et al. Lateralized abnormality of high energy phosphate metabolism in the frontal lobes of patients with bipolar disorder detected by phase-encoded 31P-MRS Psychol Med 1995; 25: 557–566

Deicken RF, Fein G, Weiner MW . Abnormal frontal lobe phosphorus metabolism in bipolar disorder Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 915–918

Deicken RF, Weiner MW, Fein G . Decreased temporal lobe phosphomonoesters in bipolar disorder J Affect Disord 1995; 33: 195–199

Volz HP, Rzanny R, Riehemann S, May S, Hegewald H, Preussler B et al. 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the frontal lobe of major depressed patients Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998; 248: 289–295

Kato T, Shioiri T, Takashashi S, Inubushi T . Measurement of phosphoinositide metabolism in bipolar patients using in vivo 31P-MRS J Affect Disord 1991; 22: 185–190

Keshavan MS, Pettegrew JW, Panchalingan K, Kaplan D, Brar J, Campbell K . In vivo 31P-MRS of the frontal lobe in neuroleptic-näive first-episode psychosis: preliminary observations Schizophrenia Res 1989; 2: 123

Kato T, Takahashi S, Shioiri T, Inubushi T . Alterations in brain phosphorous metabolism in bipolar disorder detected by in vivo 31P and 7Li magnetic resonance spectroscopy J Affect Disord 1993; 27: 53–60

Murashita J, Kato T, Shioiri T, Inubushi T, Kato N . Altered brain energy metabolism in lithium-resistant bipolar disorder detected by photic stimulated 31P-MR spectroscopy Psychol Med 2000; 30: 107–115

Baumann B, Danos P, Krell D et al. Reduced volume of limbic system-affiliated basalganglia in mood disorders: preliminary data from a postmortem study J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci 1999; 11: 71–78

Baumann B, Bogerts B . Post-mortem studies on bipolar disorder Br J Psychiatry 2000; (in press

Rajkowska G, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Wei J, Dilley G, Pittman SD, Meltzer HY et al. Morphometric evidence for neuronal and glial prefrontal cell pathology in major depression Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1085–1098

Rajkowska G, Selemon LD, Halaris A . Reductions in neuronal and glial density characterize the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder Am J Psychiatry 2000; (under revision

Diekmann S, Baumann B, Schmidt U, Bogerts B . Significant reduction of calretinin-IR neurons in layer II in the anterior cingulate cortex in subjects with affective disorders Soc Neurosci Abs 1998; 24: 386.5

Vincent SL, Todtenkopf MS, Benes FM . A comparison of the density of pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex of schizophrenics and manic depressives Soc Neurosci 1997; 23: 2199

Benes FM, Kwok EW, Vincent SL, Todtenkopf MS . A reduction of nonpyramidal cells in sector CA2 of schizophrenics and manic depressives Biol Psychiatry 1998; 15: 4: 88–97

Rajkowska G . Histopathology of the prefrontal cortex in depression: what does it tell us about dysfunctional monoaminergic circuits Prog Brain Res 2000; 126: 397–412

Manji HK, Potter WZ, Lenox RH . Signal transduction pathways: molecular targets for lithium's action Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 531–543

Manji HK, Lenox RH . Signaling: cellular insights into the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48: 518–530

Rajkowska G, Selemon LD, Goldman-Rakic PS . Marked glial neuropathology in prefrontal cortex distinguishes bipolar disorder from schizophrenia Schizophr Res 1997; 24: 41

Rajkowska G . Postmortem studies in blood disorders indicate altered numbers of neurons and glial cells Biol Psychiatry 2000; (in press

Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Bauco CH, Dilley G, Overholser J, Meltzer H, Stockmeier C et al, GFAP immunoreactivity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex separates young from old adults with major depressive disorder Biol Psychiatry 2000; (in press

Ongur D, Drevets WC, Price JL . Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 13290–13295

Coyle JT, Schwarcz R . Mind glue: implications of glial cell biology for psychiatry Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 90–93

LoTurco JJ . Neural circuits in the 21st century: synaptic networks of neurons and glia Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 8196–8197

Sapolsky RM . Stress, glucocorticoids, and damage to the nervous system: the current state of confusion Stress 1996; 1: 1–19

Starkman MN, Giordani B, Gebarski SS, Berent S, Schork MA, Schteingart DE . Decrease in cortisol reverses human hippocampal atrophy following treatment of Cushing's disease Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 1595–1602

Simmons NE, Do HM, Lipper MH, Laws ER Jr . Cerebral atrophy in Cushing's disease Surg Neurol 2000; 53: 72–76

DeBellis MD, Keshavan MS, Clark DB, Casey BJ, Giedd JN, Boring AM et al. Developmental traumatology. Part II: Brain development Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1271–1284

Roettger V, Lipton P . Mechanism of glutamate release from rat hippocampal slices during in vitro ischemia Neuroscience 1996; 75: 677–685

Hokin LE, Dixon JF, Los, GV . Acute inhibition but chronic upregulation and stabilization of glutamate uptake in synaptosomes by lithium. In: Manji HK, Bowden CL, Balmaker RH (eds) Bipolar Medications: Mechanisms of Action American Psychiatric Press: Washington, DC 2000; pp 65–85

Mattson MP, LaFerla FM, Chan SL, Leissring MA, Shepel PN, Geiger JD . Calcium signaling in the ER: its role in neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders Trends Neurosci 2000; 23: 222–229

Dubovsky S, Murphy J, Christiano J et al. The calcium second messenger system in bipolar disorders: data supporting new research directions J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1992; 4: 3–14

Emamghoreishi M, Schlichter L, Li PP, Pariksh S, Sen J, Kamble A et al. High intracellular calcium concentrations in transformed lymphoblasts from subjects with bipolar I disorder Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 976–982

Wang JF, Young LT, Li PP, Warsh JJ . Signal transduction abnormalities in bipolar disorder In: Joffe RT, Young LT (eds) Bipolar Disorder: Biological Models and their Clinical Application Marcel Dekker: New York 1997; 41–79

Jacobsen NJ, Lyons I, Hoogendoorn B, Burge S, Kwok PY, O'Donovan MC et al. ATP2A2 mutations in Darier's disease and their relationship to neuropsychiatric phenotypes Hum Mol Genet 1999; 8: 1631–1636

Hough C, Lu SJ, Davis CL, Chuang DM, Post RM . Elevated basal and thapsigargin stimulated intracellular calcium of platelets and lymphocytes from bipolar affective disorder patients measured by a fluorometric microassay Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 247–255

Chen G, Zeng WZ, Jiang L, Yuan PX, Zhao J, Manji HK . The mood stabilizing agents lithium and valproate robustly increase the expression of the neuroprotective protein bcl-2 in the CNS J Neurochemistry 1999; 72: 879–882

Chen RW, Chuang DM . Long term lithium treatment suppresses p53 and Bax expression but increases bcl-2 expression J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 6039–6042

Manji HK, Moore GJ, Chen G . Lithium at 50: have the neuroprotective effects of this unique cation been overlooked? Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 929–940

Manji HK, Chen G, Hsiao JK, Masana MI, Moore GJ, Potter WZ . Regulation of signal transduction pathways by mood stabilizing agents: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar affective disorder. In: Manji HK, Bowden CL, Balnater RH (eds) Bipolar Medications: Mechanisms of Action American Psychiatric Press: Washington, DC 2000; pp 129–177

Manji HK, Moore GJ, Chen G . Lithium uprgulates the cytoprotective protein bcl-2 in vitro and in the CNS in vivo: a role for neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects in manic-depressive illness J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61: 82–96

Wang JF, Bown C, Young LT . Differential display PCR reveals novel targets for the mood-stabilizing drug valproate including the molecular chaperone GRP78 Mol Pharmacol 1999; 55: 521–527

Smith MA, Makino S, Kvetnansky R, Post RM . Stress alters the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs in the hippocampus J Neurosci 1995; 15: 1768–1777

Nibuya M, Takahashi M, Russell DS, Duman RS . Repeated stress increases catalytic TrkB mRNA in rat hippocampus Neurosci Lett 1999; 267: 81–84

Thoenen H . Neurotrophins and neuronal plasticity Science 1995; 270: 593–598

Mamounas LA, Blue ME, Siuciak JA, Anthony AC . BDNF promotes the survival and sprouting of serotonergic axons in the rat brain J Neurosci 1995; 15: 7929–7939

Murray CA, Lynch MA . Evidence that increased hippocampal expression of the cytokine interleukin-1β is a common trigger for age- and stress-induced impairments in long-term potentiation J Neurosci 1998; 18: 2974–2981

Nijhawan D, Honarpour N, Wang X . Apoptosis in neural development and disease Annu Rev Neurosci 2000; 23: 73–87

Adams JM, Cory S . The Bcl-2 protein family: arbiters of cell survival Science 1998; 281: 1322–1326

Merry DE, Korsmeyer SJ . Bcl-2 gene family in the nervous system Ann Rev Neurosci 1997; 20: 245–267

Bruckheimer EM, Cho SH, Sarkiss M, Hermann J, McDonnell TJ . The Bcl-2 gene family and apoptosis Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 1998; 62: 75–105

Kroemer G, Reed JC . Mitochondrial control of cell death Nature Med 2000; 6: 513–519

Pinton P, Ferrari D, Magalhaes P, Schulze-Osthoff K, Di Virgilio F, Poaazn T et al. Reduced loading of intracellular Ca(2+) stores and downregulation of capacitative Ca(2+) influx in Bcl-2-overexpressing cells J Cell Biol 2000; 148: 857–862

Hacki J, Egger L, Monney L, Conus S, Rosse T, Fellay I et al. Apoptotic crosstalk between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria controlled by Bcl-2 Oncogene 2000; 19: 2286–2295

Kuo TH, Kim HR, Zhu L, Yu Y, Lin HM, Tsang W . Modulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium pump by Bcl-2 Oncogene 1998; 17: 1903–1910

He H, Lam M, McCormick TS, Distelhorst CW . Maintenance of calcium homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum by Bcl-2 J Cell Biol 1997; 138: 1219–1228

Chen DF, Schneider GE, Martinou JC, Tonegawa S . Bcl-2 promotes regeneration of severed axons in mammalian CNS Nature 1997; 385: 434–439

Hilton M, Middleton G, Davies AM . Bcl-2 influences axonal growth rate in embryonic sensory neurons Curr Biol 1997; 7: 798–800

Zhang KZ, Westberg JA, Holtta E, Andersson LC . BCL2 regulates neural differentiation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 4504–4508

Suzuki A, Tsutomi Y . Bcl-2 accelerates the neuronal differentiation: new evidence approaching to the biofunction of bcl-2 in the neuronal system Brain Res 1998; 801: 59–66

Pettman B, Henderson CE . Neuronal cell death Neuron 1998; 20: 633–647

Segal RA, Greenberg ME . Intracellular signaling pathways activated by neurotrophic factors Annu Rev Neurosci 1996; 19: 463–489

Tao X, Finkbeiner S, Arnold DB, Shaywitz AJ, Greenberg ME . Ca2+ influx regulates BDNF transcription by a CREB family transcription factor-dependent mechanism Neuron 1998; 20: 709–726

Riccio A, Ahn S, Davenport CM, Blendy JA, Ginty DD . Mediation by a CREB family transcription factor of NGF-dependent survival of sympathetic neurons Science 1999; 286: 2358–2361

Bonni A, Brunet A, West AE, Datta SR, Takasu MA, Greenberg ME . Cell survival promoted by the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway by transcription-dependent and -independent mechanisms Science 1999; 286: 1358–1362

Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Bjork-Eriksson T, Alborn AM, Nordborg C, Peterson DA et al. Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus Nature Med 1998; 4: 1313–1317

Gould E, Reeves AJ, Graziano MS, Gross CG . Neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult primates Science 1999; 286: 548–552

Gould E, Tanapat P . Stress and hippocampal neurogenesis Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 1472–1479

Cameron HA, McKay RD . Restoring production of hippocampal neurons in old age Nat Neurosci 1999; 2: 894–897

Duman RS, Malberg K, Nakagawa S, D'Sa C . Neuronal plasticity and survival in mood disorders Biol Psychiatry 2000; (in press)

Thome J, Impey S, Storm D, Duman RS . Induction of CRE gene expression by antidepressant treatment J Neurosci 2000; (in press

Shieh PB, Hu SC, Bobb K, Timmusk T, Ghosh A . Identification of a signaling pathway involved in calcium regulation of BDNF expression Neuron 1998; 20: 727–740

Nibuya M, Morinobu S, Duman RS . Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments J Neurosci 1995; 15: 7539–7547

Nibuya M, Nestler EJ, Duman RS . Chronic antidepressant administration increases the expression of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in rat hippocampus J Neurosci 1996; 16: 2365–2372

Malberg JE, AJ Eisch, EJ Nestler, RS Duman . Antidepressant treatment increases the birth and survival of hippocampal neurons 2000; (submitted

Nakamura S . Antidepressants induce regeneration of catecholaminergic axon terminals in the rate cerebral cortex Neurosci Lett 1990; 111: 64–68

Watanabe Y, Gould E, Daniels DC, Cameron H, McEwen BS . Tianeptine attenuates stress-induced morphological changes in the hippocampus Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 222: 157–162

Stewart CA, IC Reid . Repeated ECS and fluoxetine administration have equivalent effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity Psychopharmacology 2000; 148: 217–223

Chen G, Rajkowska G, Du F, Seraji-Bozorgzad N, Manji HK . Enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis by lithium J Neurochem 2000; 75: 1729–1734

Lu R, Song L, Jope RS . Lithium attenuates p53 levels in human neuroblastoma SH-SH-SY5Y cells Neuroreport 1999; 10: 1123–1125

Klein PS, Melton DA . A molecular mechanism for the effect of lithium on development Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 8455–8459

Dale TC . Signal transduction by the Wnt family of ligands Biochem J 1998; 329: 209–223

Willert K, Nusse R . Beta-catenin: a key mediator of Wnt signaling Curr Opin Genet Dev 1998; 8: 95–102

Jope RS . Anti-bipolar therapy: mechanism of action of lithium Mol Psychiatry 1999; 4: 117–128

Zhang Z, Hartmann H, Do VM, Abramowski D, Struchler-Pierrat C, Staufenbiel M et al. Destabilization of beta catenin by mutations in presenilin-1 potentiates neuronal apoptosis Nature 1998; 395: 698–702

Nishimura M, Yu G, Levesque G, Zhang DM et al. Presenilin mutations associated with Alzheimer disease cause defective intracellular trafficking of beta-catenin, a component of the presenilin protein complex Nature Med 1999; 5: 164–169

Pap M, Cooper GM . Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in the phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase/Akt cell survival pathway J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 19929–19932

Bijur GM, De Sarno P, Jope RS . Glycogen synthase kinase-3 facilitates staurosporine- and heat shock-induced apoptosis: protection by lithium J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 7583–7590

Munoz-Montano JR, Moreno FJ, Avila J, Diaz-Nido J . Lithium inhibits Alzheimer's disease-like tau protein phosphorylation in neurons FEBS Lett 1997; 411: 183–188

Hong M, Chen DC, Klein PS, Lee VM . Lithium reduces tau phosphorylation by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 25326–25332

Lovestone S, Davis DR, Webster MT, Kaech S, Brion JP, Matus A et al. Lithium reduces tau phosphorylation: effects in living cells and in neurons at therapeutic concentrations Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 995–1003

Hetman M, Cavanaugh JE, Kimelman D, Xia Z . Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in neuronal apoptosis induced by trophic withdrawal J Neurosci 2000; 20: 2567–2574

Chen G, Huang LD, Jiang YM, Manji HK . The mood stabilizing agent valproate inhibits the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3 J Neurochem 1999; 72: 1327–1330

Volonte C, Rukenstein A . Lithium promotes short-term survival of PC12 cells after serum and NGF deprivation Lithium 1993; 4: 211–219

D'Mello SR, Anelli R, Calissano P . Lithium induces apoptosis in immature cerebellar granule cells but promotes survival of mature neurons Exp Cell Res 1994; 211: 332–338

Li R, Shen Y, El-Mallakh RS . Lithium protects against ouabain-induced cell death Lithium 1994; 5: 211–216

Alvarez G, Munoz-Montano JR, Satrustegui J, Avila J, Bogonez E, Diaz-Nido J . Lithium protects cultured neurons against beta-amyloid-induced neurodegeneration FEBS Lett 1999; 453: 260–264

Inouye M, Yamamura H, Nakano A . Lithium delays the radiation-induced apoptotic process in external granule cells of mouse cerebellum J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 1995; 36: 203–208

Pascual T, Gonzalez JL . A protective effect of lithium on rat behaviour altered by ibotenic acid lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system Brain Res 1995; 695: 289–292

Grignon S, Levy N, Couraud F, Bruguerolle B . Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and cycloheximide inhibit Li+ protection of cerebellar granule neurons switched to non depolarizing medium Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 315: 111–114

Nonaka S, Hough CJ, Chuang DM . Chronic lithium treatment robustly protects neurons in the central nervous system against excitotoxicity by inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated calcium influx Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 2642–2647

Nonaka S, Katsube N, Chuang DM . Lithium protects rat cerebellar granule cells against apoptosis induced by anticonvulsants, phenytoin and carbamazepine J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 286: 539–547

Arendt T, Lehmann K, Seeger G, Gartner U . Synergistic effects of tetrahydroaminoacridine and lithium on cholinergic function after excitotoxic basal forebrain lesions in rat Pharmacopsychiatry 1999; 32: 242–247

Sparapani M, Virgili M, Ortali F, Contestabile A . Effects of chronic lithium treatment on ornithine decarboxylase induction and excitotoxic neuropathology in the rat Brain Res 1997; 765: 164–168

Nonaka S, Chuang DM . Neuroprotective effects of chronic lithium on focal cerebral ischemia in rats Neuroreport 1998; 9: 2081–2084

Chuang DM, Wei H, Qin Z, Wei W, Wang Y, Qian Y . Lithium inhibits striatal damage in an animal model of Huntington disease Soc Neurosci Abs 1999; 241.7

Chalecka-Franaszek E, Chuang DM . Lithium activates the serine/threonine kinase Akt-1 and suppresses glutamate-induced inhibition of Akt-1 activity in neurons Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 8745–8750

Kempermann G, Gage FH . Experience-dependent regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis: effects of long-term stimulation and stimulus withdrawal Hippocampus 1999; 9: 321–332

Bruno V, Sortino MA, Scapagnini U, Nicoletti F, Canonico P . Antidegenerative effects of Mg(2+) valproate in cultured cerebellar neurons Funct Neurol 1995; 10: 121–130

Mark RJ, Ashford JW, Goodman Y, Mattson MP . Anticonvulsants attenuate amyloid beta peptide neurotoxicity, Ca2+ deregulation, and cytoskeletal pathology Neurobiol Aging 1995; 16: 187–198

Mora A, Gonzalez-Polo RA, Fuentes JM, Soler G, Centeno F . Different mechanisms of protection against apoptosis by valproate and Li+ Eur J Biochem 1999; 266: 886–891

Chen G, Yuan PX, Jiang Y, Huang LD, Manji HK . Valproate robustly enhances AP-1 mediated gene expression Mol Brain Res 1999; 64: 52–58

Gutkind JS . The pathways connecting G protein-coupled receptors to the nucleus through divergent mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 1839–1842

Finkbeiner S . CREB couples neurotrophin signals to survival messages Neuron 2000; 25: 11–14

Chen G, Yuan PX, Huong LD, Gutkind JS, Manji HK . Valproic acid activates mitogen activated protein kinases and promotes neurite growth J Biol Chem 2000; (under revision

Moore GJ, Bebchuk JM, Hasanat K, Chen G, Seraji-Bozorgzad N, Wilds IB et al. Lithium increases N-acetyl-aspartate in the human brain: in vivo evidence in support of bcl-2's neurotrophic effects? Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48: 1–8

Moore GJ, Wilds IB, Bebchuk JM, Mitchell S, Chen G, Glitz DA et al. Pharmacologic in human grey matter The Lancet 2000; (in press

Birken DL, Oldendorf WH . N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid: a literature review of a compound prominent in 1H-NMR spectroscopic studies of brain Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1989; 13: 23–31

MacQueen GM, Young LT, Robb JC, Marriott M, Cooke RG, Joffe RT . Effect of number of episodes on wellbeing and functioning of patients with bipolar disorder Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 101: 374–381

Strakowski SM, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, West SA, Sax KW, Hawkins JM et al. Twelve-month outcome after a first hospitalization for affective psychosis Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 49–55

Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Strakowski SM, West SA, Sax KW, Hawkins JM et al. 12-month outcome of patients with bipolar disorder following hospitalization for a manic or mixed episode Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 646–652

Strakowski SM, Wilson DR, Tohen M et al. Structural brain abnormalities in first-episode mania Biol Psychiatry 1993; 33: 602–609

Doraiswamy PM, MacFall J, Krishnan KR, O'Connor C, Wan X, Benaur M et al. Magnetic resonance assessment of cerebral perfusion in depressed cardiac patients: preliminary findings Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1641–1643

Steffens DC, Helms MJ, Krishnan KR, Burke G . Cerebrovascular disease and depression symptoms in the cardiovascular health study Stroke 1999; 30: 2159–2166

Pillay SS, Renshaw PF, Bonello CM, Lafer B, Fava M, Yurgelun-Todd D . A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of caudate and lenticular nucleus gray matter volume in primary unipolar major depression: relationship to treatment response and clinical severity Psychiatry Res 1998; 84: 61–74

Vakili K, Pillay SS, Lafer B, Fava M, Renshaw PF, Bonello-Cintron BF et al. Hippocampal volume in primary unipolar major depression: a magnetic resonance imaging study Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47: 1087–1090

Zamzami N, Brenner C, Marzo I, Susin SA, Kroemer G . Subcellular and submitochondrial mode of action of Bcl-2-like oncoproteins Oncogene 1998; 16: 2265–2282

Guo Z, Zhou D, Schultz PG . Designing small-molecule switches for protein—protein interactions Science 2000; 288: 2042–2045

Jacobs BL, Praag H, Gage FH . Adult brain neurogenesis and psychiatry: a novel theory of depression Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5: 262–269