Neuropeptide signaling near and far: how localized and timed is the action of neuropeptides in brain circuits?

Adams ME, O’Shea M (1983) Peptide cotransmitter at a neuromuscular junction. Science 221:286–289 Baggerman G, Cerstiaens A, De Loof A, Schoofs L (2002) Peptidomics of the larval Drosophila melanogaster central nervous system. J Biol Chem 277:40368–40374 Baggerman G, Boonen K, Verleyen P, De Loof A, Schoofs L (2005) Peptidomic analysis of the larval Drosophila melanogaster central nervous system by two-dimensional capillary liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 40:250–260 Birse RT, Johnson EC, Taghert PH, Nässel DR (2006) Widely distributed Drosophila G-protein-coupled receptor (CG7887) is activated by endogenous tachykinin-related peptides. J Neurobiol 66:33–46 Bland ND, Robinson P, Thomas JE, Shirras AD, Turner AJ, Isaac RE (2009) Locomotor and geotactic behavior of Drosophila melanogaster over-expressing neprilysin 2. Peptides 30:571–574 Bowser PR, Tobe SS (2005) Immunocytochemical analysis of putative allatostatin receptor (DAR-2) distribution in the CNS of larval Drosophila melanogaster. Peptides 26:81–87 Brezina V, Weiss KR (1997) Analyzing the functional consequences of transmitter complexity. Trends Neurosci 20:538–543 Cao C, Brown MR (2001) Localization of an insulin-like peptide in brains of two flies. Cell Tissue Res 304:317–321 Chan-Palay V, Palay SL (1984) Coexistence of neuroactive substances in neurons. Wiley, New York, NY Chen B, Meinertzhagen IA, Shaw SR (1999) Circadian rhythms in light-evoked responses of the fly’s compound eye, and the effects of neuromodulators 5-HT and the peptide PDF. J Comp Physiol [A] 185:393–404 Coleman MJ, Konstant PH, Rothman BS, Nusbaum MP (1994) Neuropeptide degradation produces functional inactivation in the crustacean nervous system. J Neurosci 14:6205–6216 Couto A, Alenius M, Dickson BJ (2005) Molecular, anatomical, and functional organization of the Drosophila olfactory system. Curr Biol 15:1535–1547 Dierick HA, Greenspan RJ (2007) Serotonin and neuropeptide F have opposite modulatory effects on fly aggression. Nat Genet 39:678–682 Enell L, Hamasaka Y, Kolodziejczyk A, Nässel DR (2007) gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling components in Drosophila: immunocytochemical localization of GABA(B) receptors in relation to the GABA(A) receptor subunit RDL and a vesicular GABA transporter. J Comp Neurol 505:18–31 Estes PS, Ho GL, Narayanan R, Ramaswami M (2000) Synaptic localization and restricted diffusion of a Drosophila neuronal synaptobrevin–green fluorescent protein chimera in vivo. J Neurogenet 13:233–255 Feng G, Reale V, Chatwin H, Kennedy K, Venard R, Ericsson C, Yu K, Evans PD, Hall LM (2003) Functional characterization of a neuropeptide F-like receptor from Drosophila melanogaster. Eur J Neurosci 18:227–238 Fishilevich E, Vosshall LB (2005) Genetic and functional subdivision of the Drosophila antennal lobe. Curr Biol 15:1548–1553 Glantz RM, Miller CS, Nässel DR (2000) Tachykinin-related peptide and GABA-mediated presynaptic inhibition of crayfish photoreceptors. J Neurosci 20:1780–1790 Hamasaka Y, Nässel DR (2006) Mapping of serotonin, dopamine, and histamine in relation to different clock neurons in the brain of Drosophila. J Comp Neurol 494:314–330 Hanesch U, Fischbach KF, Heisenberg M (1989) Neuronal architecture of the central complex in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Tissue Res 257:343–366 Harrison JB, Chen HH, Blake AD, Huskisson NS, Barker P, Sattelle DB (1995) Localization in the nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster of a C-terminus anti-peptide antibody to a cloned Drosophila muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. J Neuroendocrinol 7:347–352 Harrison JB, Chen HH, Sattelle E, Barker PJ, Huskisson NS, Rauh JJ, Bai D, Sattelle DB (1996) Immunocytochemical mapping of a C-terminus anti-peptide antibody to the GABA receptor subunit, RDL in the nervous system in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Tissue Res 284:269–278 Hauser F, Cazzamali G, Williamson M, Blenau W, Grimmelikhuijzen CJ (2006) A review of neurohormone GPCRs present in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster and the honey bee Apis mellifera. Prog Neurobiol 80:1–19 Heinze S, Homberg U (2008) Neuroarchitecture of the central complex of the desert locust: Intrinsic and columnar neurons. J Comp Neurol 511:454–478 Helfrich-Förster C, Homberg U (1993) Pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive neurons in the nervous system of wild-type Drosophila melanogaster and of several mutants with altered circadian rhythmicity. J Comp Neurol 337:177–190 Helfrich-Förster C, Edwards T, Yasuyama K, Wisotzki B, Schneuwly S, Stanewsky R, Meinertzhagen IA, Hofbauer A (2002) The extraretinal eyelet of Drosophila: development, ultrastructure, and putative circadian function. J Neurosci 22:9255–9266 Helfrich-Förster C, Shafer OT, Wülbeck C, Grieshaber E, Rieger D, Taghert P (2007) Development and morphology of the clock-gene-expressing lateral neurons of Drosophila melanogaster. J Comp Neurol 500:47–70 Herkenham M (1987) Mismatches between neurotransmitter and receptor localizations in brain: observations and implications. Neuroscience 23:1–38 Hewes RS, Taghert PH (2001) Neuropeptides and neuropeptide receptors in the Drosophila melanogaster genome. Genome Res 11:1126–1142 Hökfelt T, Millhorn D, Seroogy K, Tsuruo Y, Ceccatelli S, Lindh B, Meister B, Melander T, Schalling M, Bartfai T (1987) Coexistence of peptides with classical neurotransmitters. Experientia 43:768–780 Homberg U (2002) Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the brain of the locust. Microsc Res Tech 56:189–209 Homberg U, Müller U (1999) Neuroactive substances in the antennal lobe. In: Hansson BS (ed) Insect olfaction. Springer, Berlin, pp 181–206 Horodyski FM, Ewer J, Riddiford LM, Truman JW (1993) Isolation, characterization and expression of the eclosion hormone gene of Drosophila melanogaster. Eur J Biochem 215:221–228 Hyun S, Lee Y, Hong ST, Bang S, Paik D, Kang J, Shin J, Lee J, Jeon K, Hwang S, Bae E, Kim J (2005) Drosophila GPCR Han is a receptor for the circadian clock neuropeptide PDF. Neuron 48:267–278 Ignell R, Root CM, Birse RT, Wang JW, Nässel DR, Winther ÅM (2009) Presynaptic peptidergic modulation of olfactory receptor neurons in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:13070–13075 Isaac RE, Nässel DR (2003) Identification and localization of a neprilysin-like activity that degrades tachykinin-related peptides in the brain of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae, and locust, Locusta migratoria. J Comp Neurol 457:57–66 Isaac R, Schoofs L, Williams TA, Veelaert D, Sajid M, Corvol P, Coates D (1998) A novel peptide-processing activity of insect peptidyl-dipeptidase A (angiotensin I-converting enzyme): the hydrolysis of lysyl-arginine and arginyl-arginine from the C-terminus of an insect prohormone peptide. Biochem J 330(Pt 1):61–65 Isaac RE, Siviter RJ, Stancombe P, Coates D, Shirras AD (2000) Conserved roles for peptidases in the processing of invertebrate neuropeptides. Biochem Soc Trans 28:460–464 Isaac RE, Johnson EC, Audsley N, Shirras AD (2007) Metabolic inactivation of the circadian transmitter, pigment dispersing factor (PDF), by neprilysin-like peptidases in Drosophila. J Exp Biol 210:4465–4470 Isaac RE, Bland ND, Shirras AD (2009) Neuropeptidases and the metabolic inactivation of insect neuropeptides. Gen Comp Endocrinol 162:8–17 Ito K, Suzuki K, Estes P, Ramaswami M, Yamamoto D, Strausfeld NJ (1998) The organization of extrinsic neurons and their implications in the functional roles of the mushroom bodies in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. Learn Mem 5:52–77 Jan LY, Jan YN (1982) Peptidergic transmission in sympathetic ganglia of the frog. J Physiol 327:219–246 Jan YN, Jan LY (1983a) Coexistence and corelease of cholinergic and peptidergic transmitters in frog sympathetic ganglia. Fed Proc 42:2929–2933 Jan YN, Jan LY (1983b) Some features of peptidergic transmission. Prog Brain Res 58:49–59 Johard HA, Muren JE, Nichols R, Larhammar DS, Nässel DR (2001) A putative tachykinin receptor in the cockroach brain: molecular cloning and analysis of expression by means of antisera to portions of the receptor protein. Brain Res 919:94–105 Johard HA, Enell LE, Gustafsson E, Trifilieff P, Veenstra JA, Nässel DR (2008) Intrinsic neurons of Drosophila mushroom bodies express short neuropeptide F: relations to extrinsic neurons expressing different neurotransmitters. J Comp Neurol 507:1479–1496 Johard HA, Yoishii T, Dircksen H, Cusumano P, Rouyer F, Helfrich-Förster C, Nässel DR (2009) Peptidergic clock neurons in Drosophila: ion transport peptide and short neuropeptide F in subsets of dorsal and ventral lateral neurons. J Comp Neurol 516:59–73 Johnson EC (2006) Post-genomic approaches to resolve neuropeptide signaling in Drosophila. In: Satake H (ed) Invertebrate neuropeptides and hormones: basic knowledge and recent advances. Transworld Research Network, Trivandrum, pp 1–46 Johnson EC, Garczynski SF, Park D, Crim JW, Nässel DR, Taghert PH (2003) Identification and characterization of a G protein-coupled receptor for the neuropeptide proctolin in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:6198–6203 Johnson EC, Shafer OT, Trigg JS, Park J, Schooley DA, Dow JA, Taghert PH (2005) A novel diuretic hormone receptor in Drosophila: evidence for conservation of CGRP signaling. J Exp Biol 208:1239–1246 Jonas PE, Phannavong B, Schuster R, Schroder C, Gundelfinger ED (1994) Expression of the ligand-binding nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit D alpha 2 in the Drosophila central nervous system. J Neurobiol 25:1494–1508 Karhunen T, Vilim FS, Alexeeva V, Weiss KR, Church PJ (2001) Targeting of peptidergic vesicles in cotransmitting terminals. J Neurosci 21:RC127 Kim YJ, Zitnan D, Galizia CG, Cho KH, Adams ME (2006) A command chemical triggers an innate behavior by sequential activation of multiple peptidergic ensembles. Curr Biol 16:1395–1407 Kolodziejczyk A, Sun X, Meinertzhagen IA, Nässel DR (2008) Glutamate, GABA and acetylcholine signaling components in the lamina of the Drosophila visual system. PLoS ONE 3:e2110 Lear BC, Zhang L, Allada R (2009) The neuropeptide PDF acts directly on evening pacemaker neurons to regulate multiple features of circadian behavior. PLoS Biol 7:e1000154 Lee G, Park JH (2004) Hemolymph sugar homeostasis and starvation-induced hyperactivity affected by genetic manipulations of the adipokinetic hormone-encoding gene in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 167:311–323 Li W, Pan Y, Wang Z, Gong H, Gong Z, Liu L (2009) Morphological characterization of single fan-shaped body neurons in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Tissue Res 336:509–519 Lima SQ, Miesenbock G (2005) Remote control of behavior through genetically targeted photostimulation of neurons. Cell 121:141–152 Ludwig M, Leng G (2006) Dendritic peptide release and peptide-dependent behaviours. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:126–136 Luo L, Callaway EM, Svoboda K (2008) Genetic dissection of neural circuits. Neuron 57:634–660 Lysakowski A, Figueras H, Price SD, Peng YY (1999) Dense-cored vesicles, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria are closely associated with non-specialized parts of plasma membrane of nerve terminals: implications for exocytosis and calcium buffering by intraterminal organelles. J Comp Neurol 403:378–390 Marder E, Bucher D (2007) Understanding circuit dynamics using the stomatogastric nervous system of lobsters and crabs. Annu Rev Physiol 69:291–316 McNabb SL, Baker JD, Agapite J, Steller H, Riddiford LM, Truman JW (1997) Disruption of a behavioral sequence by targeted death of peptidergic neurons in Drosophila. Neuron 19:813–823 Meinertzhagen IA, Pyza E (1999) Neurotransmitter regulation of circadian structural changes in the fly’s visual system. Microsc Res Tech 45:96–105 Merighi A (2002) Costorage and coexistence of neuropeptides in the mammalian CNS. Prog Neurobiol 66:161–190 Mertens I, Vandingenen A, Johnson EC, Shafer OT, Li W, Trigg JS, De Loof A, Schoofs L, Taghert PH (2005) PDF receptor signaling in Drosophila contributes to both circadian and geotactic behaviors. Neuron 48:213–219 Nässel DR (1988) Serotonin and serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the nervous system of insects. Prog Neurobiol 30:1–85 Nässel DR (1991) Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the insect visual system. Prog Neurobiol 37:179–254 Nässel DR (1993) Neuropeptides in the insect brain: a review. Cell Tissue Res 273:1–29 Nässel DR (2002) Neuropeptides in the nervous system of Drosophila and other insects: multiple roles as neuromodulators and neurohormones. Prog Neurobiol 68:1–84 Nässel DR, Homberg U (2006) Neuropeptides in interneurons of the insect brain. Cell Tissue Res 326:1–24 Nässel DR, Shiga S, Mohrherr CJ, Rao KR (1993) Pigment-dispersing hormone-like peptide in the nervous system of the flies Phormia and Drosophila: immunocytochemistry and partial characterization. J Comp Neurol 331:183–198 Nässel DR, Mentlein R, Bollner T, Karlsson A (2000) Proline-specific dipeptidyl peptidase activity in the cockroach brain and intestine: partial characterization, distribution, and inactivation of tachykinin-related peptides. J Comp Neurol 418:81–92 Nässel DR, Enell LE, Santos JG, Wegener C, Johard HA (2008) A large population of diverse neurons in the Drosophila central nervous system expresses short neuropeptide F, suggesting multiple distributed peptide functions. BMC Neurosci 9:90 Nitabach MN, Taghert PH (2008) Organization of the Drosophila circadian control circuit. Curr Biol 18:R84–R93 Nusbaum MP (2002) Regulating peptidergic modulation of rhythmically active neural circuits. Brain Behav Evol 60:378–387 Nusbaum MP, Blitz DM, Swensen AM, Wood D, Marder E (2001) The roles of co-transmission in neural network modulation. Trends Neurosci 24:146–154 O’Shea M, Bishop CA (1982) Neuropeptide proctolin associated with an identified skeletal motoneuron. J Neurosci 2:1242–1251 Ohnuma K, Whim MD, Fetter RD, Kaczmarek LK, Zucker RS (2001) Presynaptic target of Ca2+ action on neuropeptide and acetylcholine release in Aplysia californica. J Physiol 535:647–662 Oland LA, Biebelhausen JP, Tolbert LP (2008) Glial investment of the adult and developing antennal lobe of Drosophila. J Comp Neurol 509:526–550 Olsen SR, Wilson RI (2008) Cracking neural circuits in a tiny brain: new approaches for understanding the neural circuitry of Drosophila. Trends Neurosci 31:512–520 Park JH, Helfrich-Förster C, Lee G, Liu L, Rosbash M, Hall JC (2000) Differential regulation of circadian pacemaker output by separate clock genes in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:3608–3613 Park D, Veenstra JA, Park JH, Taghert PH (2008) Mapping peptidergic cells in Drosophila: where DIMM fits in. PLoS ONE 3:e1896 Pereanu W, Hartenstein V (2006) Neural lineages of the Drosophila brain: a three-dimensional digital atlas of the pattern of lineage location and projection at the late larval stage. J Neurosci 26:5534–5553 Pfeiffer BD, Jenett A, Hammonds AS, Ngo TT, Misra S, Murphy C, Scully A, Carlson JW, Wan KH, Laverty TR, Mungall C, Svirskas R, Kadonaga JT, Doe CQ, Eisen MB, Celniker SE, Rubin GM (2008) Tools for neuroanatomy and neurogenetics in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:9715–9720 Poels J, Birse RT, Nachman RJ, Fichna J, Janecka A, Vanden Broeck J, Nässel DR (2009) Characterization and distribution of NKD, a receptor for Drosophila tachykinin-related peptide 6. Peptides 30:545–556 Predel R, Wegener C, Russell WK, Tichy SE, Russell DH, Nachman RJ (2004) Peptidomics of CNS-associated neurohemal systems of adult Drosophila melanogaster: a mass spectrometric survey of peptides from individual flies. J Comp Neurol 474:379–392 Pyza E, Meinertzhagen IA (1996) Neurotransmitters regulate rhythmic size changes amongst cells in the fly’s optic lobe. J Comp Physiol [A] 178:33–45 Radford JC, Davies SA, Dow JA (2002) Systematic G-protein-coupled receptor analysis in Drosophila melanogaster identifies a leucokinin receptor with novel roles. J Biol Chem 277:38810–38817 Root CM, Masuyama K, Green DS, Enell LE, Nässel DR, Lee CH, Wang JW (2008) A presynaptic gain control mechanism fine-tunes olfactory behavior. Neuron 59:311–321 Rulifson EJ, Kim SK, Nusse R (2002) Ablation of insulin-producing neurons in flies: growth and diabetic phenotypes. Science 296:1118–1120 Salio C, Lossi L, Ferrini F, Merighi A (2006) Neuropeptides as synaptic transmitters. Cell Tissue Res 326:583–598 Sanchez-Soriano N, Bottenberg W, Fiala A, Haessler U, Kerassoviti A, Knust E, Lohr R, Prokop A (2005) Are dendrites in Drosophila homologous to vertebrate dendrites? Dev Biol 288:126–138 Santos JG, Vomel M, Struck R, Homberg U, Nässel DR, Wegener C (2007) Neuroarchitecture of peptidergic systems in the larval ventral ganglion of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS ONE 2:e695 Schachtner J, Trosowski B, D’Hanis W, Stubner S, Homberg U (2004) Development and steroid regulation of RFamide immunoreactivity in antennal-lobe neurons of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta. J Exp Biol 207:2389–2400 Schoofs L, Veelaert D, De Loof A, Huybrechts R, Isaac E (1998) Immunocytochemical distribution of angiotensin I-converting enzyme-like immunoreactivity in the brain and testis of insects. Brain Res 785:215–227 Schuster R, Phannavong B, Schroder C, Gundelfinger ED (1993) Immunohistochemical localization of a ligand-binding and a structural subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster. J Comp Neurol 335:149–162 Semmelhack JL, Wang JW (2009) Select Drosophila glomeruli mediate innate olfactory attraction and aversion. Nature 459:218–223 Shafer OT, Helfrich-Förster C, Renn SC, Taghert PH (2006) Reevaluation of Drosophila melanogaster’s neuronal circadian pacemakers reveals new neuronal classes. J Comp Neurol 498:180–193 Shafer OT, Kim DJ, Dunbar-Yaffe R, Nikolaev VO, Lohse MJ, Taghert PH (2008) Widespread receptivity to neuropeptide PDF throughout the neuronal circadian clock network of Drosophila revealed by real-time cyclic AMP imaging. Neuron 58:223–237 Sinakevitch I, Farris SM, Strausfeld NJ (2001) Taurine-, aspartate- and glutamate-like immunoreactivity identifies chemically distinct subdivisions of Kenyon cells in the cockroach mushroom body. J Comp Neurol 439:352–367 Sinakevitch I, Sjöholm M, Hansson BS, Strausfeld NJ (2008) Global and local modulatory supply to the mushroom bodies of the moth Spodoptera littoralis. Arthropod Struct Dev 37:260–272 Sjöholm M, Sinakevitch I, Strausfeld NJ, Ignell R, Hansson BS (2006) Functional division of intrinsic neurons in the mushroom bodies of male Spodoptera littoralis revealed by antibodies against aspartate, taurine, FMRF-amide, Mas-allatotropin and DC0. Arthropod Struct Dev 35:153–168 Skaer NJ, Nassel DR, Maddrell SH, Tublitz NJ (2002) Neurochemical fine tuning of a peripheral tissue: peptidergic and aminergic regulation of fluid secretion by Malpighian tubules in the tobacco hawkmoth M. sexta. J Exp Biol 205:1869–1880 Stein W, DeLong ND, Wood DE, Nusbaum MP (2007) Divergent co-transmitter actions underlie motor pattern activation by a modulatory projection neuron. Eur J Neurosci 26:1148–1165 Strausfeld NJ (1976) Atlas of an insect brain. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg Strausfeld NJ, Sinakevitch I, Vilinsky I (2003) The mushroom bodies of Drosophila melanogaster: an immunocytological and golgi study of Kenyon cell organization in the calyces and lobes. Microsc Res Tech 62:151–169 Szapiro G, Barbour B (2009) Parasynaptic signalling by fast neurotransmitters: the cerebellar cortex. Neuroscience 162:644–655 Tanaka NK, Tanimoto H, Ito K (2008) Neuronal assemblies of the Drosophila mushroom body. J Comp Neurol 508:711–755 Taylor CA, Winther ÅM, Siviter RJ, Shirras AD, Isaac RE, Nässel DR (2004) Identification of a proctolin preprohormone gene (Proct) of Drosophila melanogaster: expression and predicted prohormone processing. J Neurobiol 58:379–391 Terhzaz S, Rosay P, Goodwin SF, Veenstra JA (2007) The neuropeptide SIFamide modulates sexual behavior in Drosophila. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 352:305–310 Utz S, Huetteroth W, Wegener C, Kahnt J, Predel R, Schachtner J (2007) Direct peptide profiling of lateral cell groups of the antennal lobes of Manduca sexta reveals specific composition and changes in neuropeptide expression during development. Dev Neurobiol 67:764–777 Vanden Broeck J (2001) Neuropeptides and their precursors in the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster. Peptides 22:241–254 Verleyen P, Huybrechts J, Baggerman G, Van Lommel A, De Loof A, Schoofs L (2004) SIFamide is a highly conserved neuropeptide: a comparative study in different insect species. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 320:334–341 Vilim FS, Cropper EC, Price DA, Kupfermann I, Weiss KR (1996a) Release of peptide cotransmitters in Aplysia: regulation and functional implications. J Neurosci 16:8105–8114 Vilim FS, Price DA, Lesser W, Kupfermann I, Weiss KR (1996b) Costorage and corelease of modulatory peptide cotransmitters with partially antagonistic actions on the accessory radula closer muscle of Aplysia californica. J Neurosci 16:8092–8104 Vosshall LB, Stocker RF (2007) Molecular architecture of smell and taste in Drosophila. Annu Rev Neurosci 30:505–533 Wang J, Ma X, Yang JS, Zheng X, Zugates CT, Lee CH, Lee T (2004) Transmembrane/juxtamembrane domain-dependent Dscam distribution and function during mushroom body neuronal morphogenesis. Neuron 43:663–672 Wegener C, Gorbashov A (2008) Molecular evolution of neuropeptides in the genus Drosophila. Genome Biol 9:R131 Wegener C, Reinl T, Jänsch L, Predel R (2006) Direct mass spectrometric peptide profiling and fragmentation of larval peptide hormone release sites in Drosophila melanogaster reveals tagma-specific peptide expression and differential processing. J Neurochem 96:1362–1374 Wen T, Parrish CA, Xu D, Wu Q, Shen P (2005) Drosophila neuropeptide F and its receptor, NPFR1, define a signaling pathway that acutely modulates alcohol sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:2141–2146 Wicher D, Agricola HJ, Sohler S, Gundel M, Heinemann SH, Wollweber L, Stengl M, Derst C (2006) Differential receptor activation by cockroach adipokinetic hormones produces differential effects on ion currents, neuronal activity, and locomotion. J Neurophysiol 95:2314–2325 Winther ÅM, Siviter RJ, Isaac RE, Predel R, Nässel DR (2003) Neuronal expression of tachykinin-related peptides and gene transcript during postembryonic development of Drosophila. J Comp Neurol 464:180–196 Winther ÅM, Acebes A, Ferrus A (2006) Tachykinin-related peptides modulate odor perception and locomotor activity in Drosophila. Mol Cell Neurosci 31:399–406 Wood DE, Nusbaum MP (2002) Extracellular peptidase activity tunes motor pattern modulation. J Neurosci 22:4185–4195 Wu Q, Wen T, Lee G, Park JH, Cai HN, Shen P (2003) Developmental control of foraging and social behavior by the Drosophila neuropeptide Y-like system. Neuron 39:147–161 Wu Q, Zhao Z, Shen P (2005) Regulation of aversion to noxious food by Drosophila neuropeptide Y- and insulin-like systems. Nat Neurosci 8:1350–1355 Yapici N, Kim YJ, Ribeiro C, Dickson BJ (2008) A receptor that mediates the post-mating switch in Drosophila reproductive behaviour. Nature 451:33–37 Yew JY, Wang Y, Barteneva N, Dikler S, Kutz-Naber KK, Li L, Kravitz EA (2009) Analysis of neuropeptide expression and localization in adult Drosophila melanogaster central nervous system by affinity cell-capture mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 8:1271–1284 Yoon JG, Stay B (1995) Immunocytochemical localization of Diploptera punctata allatostatin-like peptide in Drosophila melanogaster. J Comp Neurol 363:475–488 Zhang YQ, Rodesch CK, Broadie K (2002) Living synaptic vesicle marker: synaptotagmin-GFP. Genesis 34:142–145 Zupanc GK (1996) Peptidergic transmission: from morphological correlates to functional implications. Micron 27:35–91