Neurons and glial cells in bipolar disorder: A systematic review of postmortem brain studies of cell number and size

Akbarian, 1995, Gene expression for glutamic acid decarboxylase is reduced without loss of neurons in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 52, 258, 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950160008002 Allen, 2009, Neuroscience: glia - more than just brain glue, Nature, 457, 675, 10.1038/457675a Aloisi, 2005, Cytokine production, Neuroglia, 285 Altshuler, 2010, Amygdala astrocyte reduction in subjects with major depressive disorder but not bipolar disorder, Bipolar Disord., 12, 541, 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00838.x Barley, 2009, Subcortical oligodendrocyte- and astrocyte-associated gene expression in subjects with schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorder, Schizophrenia Res., 112, 54, 10.1016/j.schres.2009.04.019 Beasley, 2002, Selective deficits in prefrontal cortical GABAergic neurons in schizophrenia defined by the presence of calcium-binding proteins, Biol. Psychiatry, 52, 708, 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01360-4 Beasley, 2005, Reductions in cholesterol and synaptic markers in association cortex in mood disorders, Bipolar Disord., 7, 449, 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00239.x Bellani, 2016, DTI and myelin plasticity in bipolar disorder: integrating neuroimaging and neuropathological findings, Front. Psychiatry, 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00021 Benes, 1998, A reduction of nonpyramidal cells in sector CA2 of schizophrenics and manic depressives, Biol. Psychiatry, 44, 88, 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00138-3 Benes, 2001, The density of pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in anterior cingulate cortex of schizophrenic and bipolar subjects, Biol. Psychiatry, 50, 395, 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01084-8 Bernstein, 2015, Reduced density of glutamine synthetase immunoreactive astrocytes in different cortical areas in major depression but not in bipolar I disorder, Front. Cell. Neurosci., 9, 1 Bezchlibnyk, 2007, Neuron somal size is decreased in the lateral amygdalar nucleus of subjects with bipolar disorder, J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 32, 203 Bielau, 2007, Dysregulation of GABAergic neurotransmission in mood disorders: a postmortem study, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1096, 157, 10.1196/annals.1397.081 Birur, 2017, Brain structure, function, and neurochemistry in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder—a systematic review of the magnetic resonance neuroimaging literature, Npj Schizophrenia, 3, 15, 10.1038/s41537-017-0013-9 Bowley, 2002, Low glial numbers in the amygdala in major depressive disorder, Biol. Psychiatry, 52, 404, 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01404-X Brauch, 2006, Glial cell number and neuron/glial cell ratios in postmortem brains of bipolar individuals, J. Affect. Disord., 91, 87, 10.1016/j.jad.2005.08.015 Brisch, 2017, Microglia in the dorsal raphe nucleus plays a potential role in both suicide facilitation and prevention in affective disorders, Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 267, 403, 10.1007/s00406-017-0774-1 Buffo, 2010, Astrocytes in the damaged brain: molecular and cellular insights into their reactive response and healing potential, Biochem. Pharmacol., 79, 77, 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.09.014 Chana, 2003, Two-dimensional assessment of cytoarchitecture in the anterior cingulate cortex in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia: evidence for decreased neuronal somal size and increased neuronal density, Biol. Psychiatry, 53, 1086, 10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00114-8 Collins, 2006, Investigation of autism and GABA receptor subunit genes in multiple ethnic groups, Neurogenetics, 7, 167, 10.1007/s10048-006-0045-1 Connor, 2009, Cingulate White matter neurons in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, Biol. Psychiatry, 66, 486, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.032 Cotter, 2002, Reduced neuronal size and glial cell density in Area 9 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in subjects with Major depressive disorder, Cereb. Cortex, 12, 386, 10.1093/cercor/12.4.386 Cotter, 2005, Evidence for orbitofrontal pathology in bipolar disorder and major depression, but not in schizophrenia, Bipolar Disord., 7, 358, 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00230.x Cotter, 2001, Reduced glial cell density and neuronal size in the anterior cingulate cortex in major depressive disorder, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 58, 545, 10.1001/archpsyc.58.6.545 Damadzic, 2001, A quantitative immunohistochemical study of astrocytes in the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression: absence of significant astrocytosis, Brain Res. Bull., 55, 611, 10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00529-9 de Lange, 2017, Brain donation in psychiatry: results of a Dutch prospective donor program among psychiatric cohort participants, BMC Psychiatry, 17, 10.1186/s12888-017-1513-x Dean, 2006, Regionally specific changes in levels of cortical S100beta in bipolar 1 disorder but not schizophrenia, Aust. New Zealand J. Psychiatry, 40, 217 Dean, 2013, Different changes in cortical tumor necrosis factor-alpha-related pathways in schizophrenia and mood disorders, Mol. Psychiatry, 18, 767, 10.1038/mp.2012.95 Deep-Soboslay, 2011, Psychiatric brain banking: Three perspectives on current trends and future directions, Biol. Psychiatry, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.025 Deep-Soboslay, 2008, Evaluation of tissue collection for postmortem studies of bipolar disorder, Bipolar Disord., 10, 822, 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00607.x Dong, 2015, Glial pathology in bipolar disorder: potential therapeutic implications, CNS Neurosci. Ther., 21, 393, 10.1111/cns.12390 Fatemi, 2004, Glial fibrillary acidic protein is reduced in cerebellum of subjects with major depression, but not schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Res., 69, 317, 10.1016/j.schres.2003.08.014 Feresten, 2013, Increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in prefrontal cortex in psychotic illness, Schizophrenia Res., 150, 252, 10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.024 Fung, 2014, Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder show both common and distinct changes in cortical interneuron markers, Schizophrenia Res., 155, 26, 10.1016/j.schres.2014.02.021 Gandal, 2018, Transcriptome-wide isoform-level dysregulation in ASD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, Science, 362, 10.1126/science.aat8127 Gao, 2013, Reduced GAD65/67 immunoreactivity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in depression: a postmortem study, J. Affect. Disord., 149, 422, 10.1016/j.jad.2012.12.003 Gittins, 2004, Neuronal density, size and shape in the human anterior cingulate cortex: a comparison of nissl and NeuN staining, Brain Res. Bull., 63, 155, 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.02.005 Gos, 2013, S100B-immunopositive astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus are differentially afflicted in unipolar and bipolar depression: a postmortem study, J. Psychiatr. Res., 47, 1694, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.07.005 Guidotti, 2000, Decrease in reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD 67) expression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 57, 1061, 10.1001/archpsyc.57.11.1061 Haider, 2006, Neocortical Network Activity In Vivo Is Generated through a Dynamic Balance of Excitation and Inhibition, J. Neurosci., 26, 4535, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5297-05.2006 Hamidi, 2004, Glial reduction in amygdala in major depressive disorder is due to oligodendrocytes, Biol. Psychiatry, 55, 563, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.11.006 Harrison, 1996, Advances in post mortem molecular neurochemistry and neuropathology: examples from schizophrenia research, Br. Med. Bull., 52, 527, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011565 Harrison, 2011, Using our brains: the findings, flaws, and future of postmortem studies of psychiatric disorders, Biol. Psychiatry, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.008 Harrison, 2016, Molecular neurobiological clues to the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 10.1016/j.conb.2015.07.002 Hashimoto, 2003, Gene expression deficits in a subclass of GABA neurons in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia, J. Neurosci., 23, 6315, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-15-06315.2003 Hayashi, 2012, Neuropathological similarities and differences between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a flow cytometric postmortem brain study, PLoS One, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0033019 Hercher, 2014, Evidence for morphological alterations in prefrontal white matter glia in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 39, 376, 10.1503/jpn.130277 Kepecs, 2014, Interneuron cell types are fit to function, Nature, 10.1038/nature12983 Keshavarz, 2016, Glial cells as key elements in the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder, Acta Neuropsychiatr., 1 Konradi, 2011, Hippocampal interneurons in bipolar disorder, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 68, 340, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.175 Kundakovic, 2015, Practical guidelines for High-Resolution epigenomic profiling of nucleosomal histones in postmortem human brain tissue, Biol. Psychiatry Lewis, 2002, The human brain revisited: opportunities and challenges in postmortem studies of psychiatric disorders, Neuropsychopharmacology, 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00393-1 Malchow, 2015, Stereological investigation of the posterior hippocampus in affective disorders, J. Neural Transm., 122, 1019, 10.1007/s00702-014-1316-x Marín, 2012, Interneuron dysfunction in psychiatric disorders, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 10.1038/nrn3155 Matthews, 2012, A morphometric, immunohistochemical, and in situ hybridization study of the dorsal raphe nucleus in major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and suicide, J. Affect. Disord., 137, 125, 10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.043 McCullumsmith, 2011, Novel approaches to the study of postmortem brain in psychiatric illness: Old limitations and new challenges, Biol. Psychiatry, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.035 Melief, 2016, Characterizing primary human microglia: a comparative study with myeloid subsets and culture models, GLIA, 64, 1857, 10.1002/glia.23023 Mosebach, 2013, Increased nuclear Olig1-expression in the pregenual anterior cingulate white matter of patients with major depression: a regenerative attempt to compensate oligodendrocyte loss?, J. Psychiatr. Res., 47, 1069, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.018 Network and Pathway Analysis Subgroup of Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, N. and P. A. S. of the P. G, 2015, Psychiatric genome-wide association study analyses implicate neuronal, immune and histone pathways, Nat. Neurosci., 18, 199, 10.1038/nn.3922 Northoff, 2014, Why are cortical GABA neurons relevant to internal focus in depression? A cross-level model linking cellular, biochemical and neural network findings, Mol. Psychiatry Nurnberger, 2014, Identification of pathways for bipolar disorder, JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 657, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.176 Ongür, 1998, Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders, PNAS, 95, 13290, 10.1073/pnas.95.22.13290 Pantazopoulos, 2007, Parvalbumin neurons in the entorhinal cortex of subjects diagnosed with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, Biol. Psychiatry, 61, 640, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.026 Pantazopoulos, 2017, Decreased numbers of somatostatin-expressing neurons in the amygdala of subjects with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia: relationship to circadian rhythms, Biol. Psychiatry, 81, 536, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.04.006 Peng, 2016, Targeting astrocytes in bipolar disorder, Expert Rev. Neurother., 16, 649, 10.1586/14737175.2016.1171144 Poduri, 2011, Epilepsy genetics-past, present, and future, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 10.1016/j.gde.2011.01.005 Rajkowska, 2001, Reductions in neuronal and glial density characterize the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder, Biol. Psychiatry, 49, 741, 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01080-0 Ray, 2011, Decreased BDNF, trkB-TK+ and GAD67 mRNA expression in the hippocampus of individuals with schizophrenia and mood disorders, J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 36, 195, 10.1503/jpn.100048 Rossignol, 2011, Genetics and function of neocortical GABAergic interneurons in neurodevelopmental disorders, Neural Plas., 2011, 1, 10.1155/2011/649325 Sakai, 2008, Changes in density of calcium-binding-protein-immunoreactive GABAergic neurons in prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, Neuropathology : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology, 28, 143, 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2007.00867.x Seredenina, 2017, Decreased NOX2 expression in the brain of patients with bipolar disorder: association with valproic acid prescription and substance abuse, Transl. Psychiatry, 7, e1206, 10.1038/tp.2017.175 Sibille, 2011, GABA-related transcripts in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in mood disorders, Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 14, 721, 10.1017/S1461145710001616 Sokolov, 2007, Oligodendroglial abnormalities in schizophrenia, mood disorders and substance abuse. Comorbidity, shared traits, or molecular phenocopies?, Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 10, 547, 10.1017/S1461145706007322 Sominsky, 2018, Microglia: key players in neurodevelopment and neuronal plasticity, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.11.012 Steullet, 2017, The thalamic reticular nucleus in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: role of parvalbumin-expressing neuron networks and oxidative stress, Molecular Psychiatry. Tkachev, 2003, Oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, The Lancet, 362, 798, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14289-4 Toro, 2006, Glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamine synthetase in subregions of prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and mood disorder, Neurosci. Lett., 404, 276, 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.05.067 Uranova, 2004, Oligodendroglial density in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and mood disorders: a study from the Stanley neuropathology consortium, Schizophrenia Res., 67, 269, 10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00181-6 Varea, 2012, Expression of PSA-NCAM and synaptic proteins in the amygdala of psychiatric disorder patients, J. Psychiatr. Res., 46, 189, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.10.011 Verkhratsky, 2013, Astroglia in neurological diseases, Future Neurol., 8, 149, 10.2217/fnl.12.90 Wang, 2011, Bipolar disorder type 1 and schizophrenia are accompanied by decreased density of parvalbumin- and somatostatin-positive interneurons in the parahippocampal region, Acta Neuropathol., 122, 615, 10.1007/s00401-011-0881-4 Watkins, 2014, Glia and immune cell signaling in bipolar disorder: insights from neuropharmacology and molecular imaging to clinical application, Transl. Psychiatry, 4, e350, 10.1038/tp.2013.119 Webster, 2005, Glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA levels in the cingulate cortex of individuals with depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, Neuroscience, 133, 453, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.02.037 Wesseling, 2014, Targeted multiplexed selected reaction monitoring analysis evaluates protein expression changes of molecular risk factors for Major psychiatric disorders, Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 18, 10.1093/ijnp/pyu015 Williams, 2013, Astrocyte decrease in the subgenual cingulate and callosal genu in schizophrenia, Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 263, 41, 10.1007/s00406-012-0328-5 Woo, 2004, Density of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 messenger RNA-containing neurons that express the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2A in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 61, 649, 10.1001/archpsyc.61.7.649 Woo, 2008, Disease-specific alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission on inhibitory interneurons in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, Brain Res., 1218, 267, 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.03.092 Yizhar, 2011, Neocortical excitation/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction, Nature, 477, 171, 10.1038/nature10360