Neuromyelitis optica and opticospinal multiple sclerosis: Mechanisms and pathogenesis

Kira, 2003, Multiple sclerosis in the Japanese population, Lancet Neurol., 2, 117, 10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00308-9 Wingerchuk, 1999, The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome), Neurology, 53, 1107, 10.1212/WNL.53.5.1107 Lennon, 2004, A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis, Lancet, 364, 2106, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17551-X Lennon, 2005, IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel, J. Exp. Med., 202, 473, 10.1084/jem.20050304 Nakashima, 2006, Clinical and MRI features of Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis positive for NMO-IgG, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 77, 1073, 10.1136/jnnp.2005.080390 Matsuoka, 2007, Heterogeneity of aquaporin-4 autoimmunity and spinal cord lesions in multiple sclerosis in Japanese, Brain, 130, 1206, 10.1093/brain/awm027 Matsushita, 2009, Aquaporin-4 autoimmune syndrome and anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-negative opticospinal multiple sclerosis in Japanese, Mult. Scler., 15, 834, 10.1177/1352458509104595 Dević, 1894, Myélite subaiguë compliquée de névrite optique-Autopsie, Congrés Francais de Médecine, 1, 434 Beck, 1927, Diffuse myelitis with optic neuritis, Brain, 50, 687, 10.1093/brain/50.3-4.687 Balser, 1936, Neuromyelitis optica, Brain, 59, 353, 10.1093/brain/59.3.353 Stansbury, 1949, Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's disease); presentation of five cases, with pathologic study, and review of literature, Arch. Ophthalmol., 42, 292, 10.1001/archopht.1949.00900050298007 Okinaka, 1958, Multiple sclerosis and allied diseases in Japan; clinical characteristics, Neurology, 8, 756, 10.1212/WNL.8.10.756 Shibasaki, 1981, Racial modification of clinical picture of multiple sclerosis: comparison between British and Japanese patients, J. Neurol. Sci., 49, 253, 10.1016/0022-510X(81)90083-6 Kira, 1996, Western versus Asian types of multiple sclerosis: immunogenetically and clinically distinct disorders, Ann. Neurol., 40, 569, 10.1002/ana.410400405 Yamasaki, 1999, HLA-DPB1*0501-associated opticospinal multiple sclerosis: clinical, neuroimaging and immunogenetic studies, Brain, 122, 1689, 10.1093/brain/122.9.1689 Pittock, 2006, Brain abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica, Arch. Neurol., 63, 390, 10.1001/archneur.63.3.390 Wingerchuk, 2006, Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica, Neurology, 66, 1485, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000216139.44259.74 Pittock, 2006, Neuromyelitis optica brain lesions localized at sites of high aquaporin 4 expression, Arch. Neurol., 63, 964, 10.1001/archneur.63.7.964 Jarius, 2007, NMO-IgG in the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica, Neurology, 68, 1076, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000256822.01222.bd Paul, 2007, Antibody to aquaporin 4 in the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica, PLoS Med., 4, e133, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040133 Fazio, 2009, Antiacquaporin 4 antibodies detection by different techniques in neuromyelitis optica patients, Mult. Scler., 15, 1153, 10.1177/1352458509106851 Cabrera-Gomez, 2009, Neuromyelitis optica positive antibodies confer a worse course in relapsing-neuromyelitis optica in Cuba and French West Indies, Mult. Scler., 15, 828, 10.1177/1352458509104585 Cree, 2009, Modification of multiple sclerosis phenotypes by African ancestry at HLA, Arch. Neurol., 66, 226, 10.1001/archneurol.2008.541 Takahashi, 2007, Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody is involved in the pathogenesis of NMO: a study on antibody titre, Brain, 130, 1235, 10.1093/brain/awm062 Tanaka, 2007, Anti-aquaporin 4 antibody in selected Japanese multiple sclerosis patients with long spinal cord lesions, Mult. Scler., 13, 850, 10.1177/1352458507076976 Barkhof, 1997, Comparison of MRI criteria at first presentation to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis, Brain, 120, 2059, 10.1093/brain/120.11.2059 Osoegawa, 2009, Temporal changes and geographical differences in multiple sclerosis phenotypes in Japanese: nationwide survey results over 30 years, Mult. Scler., 15, 159, 10.1177/1352458508098372 Ishizu, 2009, Heterogeneity and continuum of multiple sclerosis phenotypes in Japanese according to the results of the fourth nationwide survey, J. Neurol. Sci., 280, 22, 10.1016/j.jns.2009.01.008 Pandit, 2009, NMO-IgG in Indian patients with multiple sclerosis and other idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating central nervous system disorders, Mult. Scler., 15, 134 Tani, 2009, Identification of binding sites for anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies in patients with neuromyelitis optica, J. Neuroimmunol., 211, 110, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.04.001 Crane, 2009, Live cell analysis of aquaporin-4 m1/m23 interactions and regulated orthogonal array assembly in glial cells, J. Biol. Chem., 284, 35850, 10.1074/jbc.M109.071670 Nicchia, 2009, Aquaporin-4 orthogonal arrays of particles are the target for neuromyelitis optica autoantibodies, Glia, 57, 1363, 10.1002/glia.20855 Rossi, 2009, Evidences for a leaky scanning mechanism for the synthesis of the shorter M23-protein isoform of Aquaporin-4: implication in orthogonal array formation and neuromyelitis optica antibody interaction, J. Biol. Chem., 285, 4562, 10.1074/jbc.M109.069245 Adoni, 2009, Recurrent neuromyelitis optica in Brazilian patients: clinical, immunological, and neuroimaging characteristics, Mult. Scler., 16, 81, 10.1177/1352458509353651 Hinson, 2009, Prediction of neuromyelitis optica attack severity by quantitation of complement-mediated injury to aquaporin-4-expressing cells, Arch. Neurol., 66, 1164, 10.1001/archneurol.2009.188 Weinshenker, 2006, Neuromyelitis optica IgG predicts relapse after longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, Ann. Neurol., 59, 566, 10.1002/ana.20770 Mathey, 2007, Neurofascin as a novel target for autoantibody-mediated axonal injury, J. Exp. Med., 204, 2363, 10.1084/jem.20071053 Collongues, 2007, Devic's neuromyelitis optica MOG-induced in rat Brown Norway is associated with ant-AQP4 antibodies, 23rd Congress of the ECTRIMS, Mult. Scler., 13, S259 Tartaglino, 1995, Multiple sclerosis in the spinal cord: MR appearance and correlation with clinical parameters, Radiology, 195, 725, 10.1148/radiology.195.3.7754002 Bot, 2004, Spinal cord abnormalities in recently diagnosed MS patients: added value of spinal MRI examination, Neurology, 62, 226, 10.1212/WNL.62.2.226 Chong, 2006, Magnetic resonance imaging of Asians with multiple sclerosis was similar to that of the West, Can. J. Neurol. Sci., 33, 95, 10.1017/S0317167100004777 Minohara, 2006, Upregulation of myeloperoxidase in patients with opticospinal multiple sclerosis: positive correlation with disease severity, J. Neuroimmunol., 178, 156, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.05.026 Su, 2006, Upregulation of vascular growth factors in multiple sclerosis: correlation with MRI findings, J. Neurol. Sci., 243, 21, 10.1016/j.jns.2005.11.006 Matsuoka, 2008, Heterogeneity and continuum of multiple sclerosis in Japanese according to magnetic resonance imaging findings, J. Neurol. Sci., 266, 115, 10.1016/j.jns.2007.09.010 Saida, 2005, Interferon beta-1b is effective in Japanese RRMS patients: a randomized, multicenter study, Neurology, 64, 621, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000151856.10387.E2 Matsushita, 2009, Extensive vasogenic edema of anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-related brain lesions, Mult. Scler., 15, 1113, 10.1177/1352458509106613 Saiki, 2009, Extensive hemispheric lesions with radiological evidence of blood-brain barrier integrity in a patient with neuromyelitis optica, J. Neurol. Sci., 284, 217, 10.1016/j.jns.2009.05.022 Ito, 2009, “Cloud-like enhancement” is a magnetic resonance imaging abnormality specific to neuromyelitis optica, Ann. Neurol., 66, 425, 10.1002/ana.21753 McKeon, 2009, Coexistence of myasthenia gravis and serological markers of neurological autoimmunity in neuromyelitis optica, Muscle Nerve, 39, 87, 10.1002/mus.21197 Uzawa, 2009, Association of anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica with myasthenia gravis, J. Neurol. Sci., 287, 105, 10.1016/j.jns.2009.08.040 Kim, 2009, Sjogren's syndrome myelopathy: spinal cord involvement in Sjogren's syndrome might be a manifestation of neuromyelitis optica, Mult. Scler., 15, 1062, 10.1177/1352458509106636 Min, 2009, Brain abnormalities in Sjogren syndrome with recurrent CNS manifestations: association with neuromyelitis optica, Mult. Scler., 15, 1069, 10.1177/1352458509106228 Matsushita, 2009, Association of the HLA-DPB1*0501 allele with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody positivity in Japanese patients with idiopathic central nervous system demyelinating disorders, Tissue Antigens, 73, 171, 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01172.x Brum, 2009, HLA-DRB association in neuromyelitis optica is different from that observed in multiple sclerosis, Mult. Scler., 16, 21, 10.1177/1352458509350741 Isobe, 2009, Epistatic interactions at HLA-DRB1 in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis, Mult. Scler., 16, 147, 10.1177/1352458509355067 Pittock, 2008, Aquaporin-4 autoantibodies in a paraneoplastic context, Arch. Neurol., 65, 629, 10.1001/archneur.65.5.629 Nishiyama, 2009, A case of NMO seropositive for aquaporin-4 antibody more than 10 years before onset, Neurology, 72, 1960, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a82621 Sellner, 2009, The clinical spectrum and immunobiology of parainfectious neuromyelitis optica (Devic) syndromes, J. Autoimmun., 34, 371, 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.09.013 Doi, 2009, Hypercomplementemia at relapse in patients with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody, Mult. Scler., 15, 304, 10.1177/1352458508099139 Li, 2009, Association of anti-Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein antibody response with anti-aquaporin-4 autoimmunity in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica, Mult. Scler., 15, 1411, 10.1177/1352458509348961 Hung, 1976, Multiple sclerosis amongst Chinese in Taiwan, J. Neurol. Sci., 27, 459, 10.1016/0022-510X(76)90214-8 Tabira, 1982, Neuropathological features of MS in Japan, 273 Ikuta, 1982, Comparison of MS pathology between 70 American and 75 Japanese autopsy cases, 297 Lucchinetti, 2002, A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic's neuromyelitis optica, Brain, 125, 1450, 10.1093/brain/awf151 Ishizu, 2005, Intrathecal activation of the IL-17/IL-8 axis in opticospinal multiple sclerosis, Brain, 128, 988, 10.1093/brain/awh453 Misu, 2007, Loss of aquaporin 4 in lesions of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis, Brain, 130, 1224, 10.1093/brain/awm047 Roemer, 2007, Pattern-specific loss of aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity distinguishes neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis, Brain, 130, 1194, 10.1093/brain/awl371 Matsuoka, 2009, Altered expression of aquaporin-4 in demyelinating lesions is independent to the current classifications of NMO and MS, Mult. Scler., 16, 274 Kobayashi, 2009, Intractable hiccup caused by medulla oblongata lesions: a study of an autopsy patient with possible neuromyelitis optica, J. Neurol. Sci., 285, 241, 10.1016/j.jns.2009.06.014 Vincent, 2008, Functional consequences of neuromyelitis optica-IgG astrocyte interactions on blood-brain barrier permeability and granulocyte recruitment, J. Immunol., 181, 5730, 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5730 Sabater, 2009, Cytotoxic effect of neuromyelitis optica antibody (NMO-IgG) to astrocytes: an in vitro study, J. Neuroimmunol., 215, 31, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.07.014 Kinoshita, 2009, Astrocytic necrosis is induced by anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-positive serum, Neuroreport, 20, 508, 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32832776f4 Kinoshita, 2009, Neuromyelitis optica: passive transfer to rats by human immunoglobulin, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 386, 623, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.06.085 Bennett, 2009, Intrathecal pathogenic anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in early neuromyelitis optica, Ann. Neurol., 66, 617, 10.1002/ana.21802 Bradl, 2009, Neuromyelitis optica: pathogenicity of patient immunoglobulin in vivo, Ann. Neurol., 66, 630, 10.1002/ana.21837 Minohara, 2001, Differences between T-cell reactivities to major myelin protein-derived peptides in opticospinal and conventional forms of multiple sclerosis and healthy controls, Tissue Antigens, 57, 447, 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057005447.x Wingerchuk, 2007, The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica, Lancet Neurol., 6, 805, 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70216-8 Ochi, 2001, Tc1/Tc2 and Th1/Th2 balance in Asian and Western types of multiple sclerosis, HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and hyperIgEaemic myelitis, J. Neuroimmunol., 119, 297, 10.1016/S0165-5728(01)00393-9 Wu, 2000, Flow cytometric differentiation of Asian and Western types of multiple sclerosis, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and hyperIgEaemic myelitis by analyses of memory CD4 positive T cell subsets and NK cell subsets, J. Neurol. Sci., 177, 24, 10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00322-1 Tanaka, 2008, Distinct CSF cytokine/chemokine profiles in atopic myelitis and other causes of myelitis, Neurology, 71, 974, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000326589.57128.c3 Weaver, 2007, IL-17 family cytokines and the expanding diversity of effector T cell lineages, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 25, 821, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141557 Cua, 2003, Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain, Nature, 421, 744, 10.1038/nature01355 Kebir, 2007, Human TH17 lymphocytes promote blood-brain barrier disruption and central nervous system inflammation, Nat. Med., 13, 1173, 10.1038/nm1651 Ryu, 2006, IL-17 increased the production of vascular endothelial growth factor in rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes, Clin. Rheumatol., 25, 16, 10.1007/s10067-005-1081-1 Osoegawa, 2004, Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene polymorphism and its activity in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis, J. Neuroimmunol., 150, 150, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.01.008 Papadopoulos, 2004, Aquaporin-4 facilitates reabsorption of excess fluid in vasogenic brain edema, FASEB J., 18, 1291, 10.1096/fj.04-1723fje Manley, 2000, Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces brain edema after acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke, Nat. Med., 6, 159, 10.1038/72256