Neurological involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A clinical systematic review

Al-Olama, 2020, COVID-19-associated meningoencephalitis complicated with intracranial hemorrhage: a case report, Acta Neurochir (Wien), 10.1007/s00701-020-04402-w Alberti, 2020, Guillain-Barré syndrome related to COVID-19 infection, Neurol - Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation, 7, e741, 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000741 Avula, 2020, COVID-19 presenting as stroke, Brain Behav. Immun., 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.077 Balloy, 2020, Non-lesional status epilepticus in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019, Clin. Neurophysiol., 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.05.005 Bernard-Valnet, 2020, Two patients with acute meningo-encephalitis concomitant to SARS-CoV-2 infection, medRxiv Beyrouti, 2020, Characteristics of ischaemic stroke associated with COVID-19, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323586 Bohmwald, 2018, Neurologic alterations due to respiratory virus infections, Front. Cell. Neurosci., 12, 1 Camdessanche, 2020, COVID-19 may induce Guillain–Barré syndrome, Rev. Neurol. Chan, 2020, A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster, Lancet, 395, 19 Chen, 2020, Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study, Lancet, 395, 507, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7 Coen, 2020, Guillain-Barré syndrome as a complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection A, Brain Behav. Immun., 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.074 Coolen, 2020, Early postmortem brain MRI findings in COVID-19 non-survivors, medRxiv Coperchini, 2020, Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews the cytokine storm in COVID-19 ​: an overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.003 Desforges, 2019, Human coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses: underestimated opportunistic pathogens of the central nervous system?, Viruses, 12, 1, 10.3390/v12010014 Ding, 2003, The clinical pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a report from China, J. Pathol., 200, 282, 10.1002/path.1440 Divani, 2020, Coronavirus disease 2019 and stroke: clinical manifestations and pathophysiological insights, J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis., 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104941 Dogan, 2020, Plasmapheresis treatment in COVID-19-related autoimmune meningoencephalitis: case series, Brain Behav. Immun., 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.022 Doobay, 2007, Differential expression of neuronal ACE2 in transgenic mice with overexpression of the brain renin-angiotensin system, Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 292, R373, 10.1152/ajpregu.00292.2006 Eliezer, 2020, Sudden and complete olfactory loss function as a possible symptom of COVID-19, JAMA Otolaryngol Neck Surg Elkind, 2007, Why now? Moving from stroke risk factors to stroke triggers, Curr. Opin. Neurol., 20, 51, 10.1097/WCO.0b013e328012da75 Fairweather, 2005, Viruses as adjuvants for autoimmunity: evidence from Coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis, Rev. Med. Virol., 15, 17, 10.1002/rmv.445 Galougahi, 2020, Olfactory bulb magneti resonance imaging in SARS-CoV-2 induced anosmia: the first report, Acad. Radiol., 1–2 Gandhi, 2020, Does collapse of respiratory center in the brain responsible for breakdown of COVID-19 patients?, ACS Chem. Neurosci., 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00217 Gane, 2020, Isolated sudden onset anosmia in COVID-19 infection. A novel syndrome?, Rhinology, 10.4193/Rhin20.114 Giacomelli, 2020, Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a cross-sectional study, Clin. Infect. Dis., 2 Goldberg, 2020, vols. 1–3 Gronseth, 2017, edition: clinical practice guideline process manual, Am Acad Neurol, 1 Gutiérrez-Ortiz, 2020, Miller Fisher Syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis in COVID-19, Neurology, 241 Hamming, 2004, Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis, J. Pathol., 203, 631, 10.1002/path.1570 Hanna Huang, 2020, A case of COVID-19 encephalitis, Brain Behav. Immun. Helms, 2020, Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, N. Engl. J. Med., 10.1056/NEJMc2008597 Heydari, 2020, Clinical and Paraclinical Characteristics of COVID-19 patients ​: a systematic review and meta-analysis, medRxiv, 1 Huang, 2020, Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, Lancet, 395, 497, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 Hung, 2003, Detection of SARS coronavirus RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome, Clin. Chem., 49, 2107, 10.1373/clinchem.2003.025437 Iroegbu, 2020 Jenny, 2019, Inflammatory cytokines and ischemic stroke risk: the REGARDS cohort, Neurology, 92, E2375, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007416 Klok, 2020, Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19, Thromb. Res. Lau, 2004, Possible centrale nervous system infection Infection by SARS Coronavirus, 10, 2 Lechien, 2020, Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2 Li, 2005, Receptor and viral determinants of SARS-coronavirus adaptation to human ACE2, EMBO J., 24, 1634, 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600640 Li, 2015, Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus causes multiple organ damage and lethal disease in mice transgenic for human dipeptidyl peptidase 4, J. Infect. Dis., 212, 712 Li, 2020, The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may be at least partially responsible for the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients, J. Med. Virol., 2 Li, 2020, Acute cerebrovascular disease following COVID-19: a single center, retrospective, observational study, SSRN Electron J, 19 Lodigiani, 2020, Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan , Italy, Thromb. Res., 9, 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.024 Lu, 2020, New-onset acute symptomatic seizure and risk factors in corona virus disease 2019: a retrospective multicenter study, Epilepsia, 1 Mao, 2020, Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study, medRxiv, 2020 Marchioni, 2013, Postinfectious neurologic syndromes: a prospective cohort study, Neurology, 80, 882, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182840b95 McCray, 2007, Lethal infection of K18-hACE2 mice infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, J. Virol., 81, 813, 10.1128/JVI.02012-06 Mehta, 2020, COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression, Lancet, 395, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0 Moein, 2020, Smell dysfunction: a biomarker for COVID-19, Int Forum Allergy Rhinol, 10.1002/alr.22587 Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, PLoS Med., 6, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 Moriguchi, 2020, A first Case of Meningitis/Encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2, Int. J. Infect. Dis., 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.062 Muhammad, 2020, Severe brain haemorrhage and concomitant COVID-19 Infec- tion: a neurovascular complication of COVID-19 Sajjad, Brain Behav. Immun., 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.015 Nath, 2020, Neurologic complications of coronavirus infections, Neurology, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009455 Nemoto, 2020, Effect of spinal angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activation on the formalin-induced nociceptive response in mice, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 872 Netland, 2008, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2, J. Virol., 82, 7264, 10.1128/JVI.00737-08 Oddo, 2009, Continuous electroencephalography in the medical intensive care unit, Crit. Care Med., 37, 2051, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a00604 Ogata, 2019, Anti-hypersensitive effect of angiotensin (1-7) on streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathic pain in mice, Eur. J. Pain, 23, 739, 10.1002/ejp.1341 Ollarves-Carrero, 2020 Oshiro, 1971, Electron microscopic studies of coronavirus, J. Gen. Virol., 12, 161, 10.1099/0022-1317-12-2-161 Otmani, 2020 Oxley, 2020, Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of covid-19 in the young, N. Engl. J. Med., 382, 10.1056/NEJMc2009787 Padroni, 2020, Guillain-Barré syndrome following COVID-19: new infection, old complication?, J. Neurol. Paniz-Mondolfi, 2020, Central nervous system involvement by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2), J. Med. Virol., 2 Parra, 2016, Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with Zika virus infection in Colombia, N. Engl. J. Med., 375, 1513, 10.1056/NEJMoa1605564 Pilotto, 2020, Steroid-responsive encephalitis in Covid-19 disease, Ann. Neurol. Poyiadji, 2019, COVID-19–associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: CT and MRI features, Radiology, 2, 1 Ridker, 2017, Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease, N. Engl. J. Med., 377, 1119, 10.1056/NEJMoa1707914 Rose, 2017, Negative selection, epitope mimicry and autoimmunity, Curr. Opin. Immunol., 49, 51, 10.1016/j.coi.2017.08.014 Rothe, 2020, Transmission of 2019-NCOV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany, N. Engl. J. Med., 382, 970, 10.1056/NEJMc2001468 Saad, 2014, Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia, Int. J. Infect. Dis., 29, 301, 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.09.003 Seah, 2020, Can the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affect the eyes? A review of coronaviruses and ocular implications in humans and animals, Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm., 28, 391, 10.1080/09273948.2020.1738501 Sedaghat, 2020, Guillain Barre syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection: a case report, J Clin Neurosci Sharifi-Razavi, 2020, COVID 19 and intra cerebral hemorrhage: causative or coincidental, New Microbes New Infect, 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100669 St-Jean, 2004, Human respiratory coronavirus OC43: genetic stability and neuroinvasion, J. Virol., 78, 8824, 10.1128/JVI.78.16.8824-8834.2004 Sun, 2020, Novel coronavirus and central nervous system, Eur. J. Neurol., 10.1111/ene.14227 Talan, 2020, COVID-19: neurologists in Italy to colleagues in US: look for poorly-defined neurologic conditions in patients with the coronavirus, Neurol. Today Tang, 2020, Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy, J. Thromb. Haemostasis, 1094, 10.1111/jth.14817 Toscano, 2020, Guillain–barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2, N. Engl. J. Med., 4–6 Tsai, 2004, Neuromuscular disorders in severe acute respiratory syndrome, Arch. Neurol., 61, 1669, 10.1001/archneur.61.11.1669 Tsai, 2005, Neurological manifestations in severe acute respiratory syndrome, Acta Neurol. Taiwan, 14, 113 Turtle, 2020, Respiratory failure alone does not suggest central nervous system invasion by SARS-CoV-2, J. Med. Virol., 0–2 Umapathi, 2004, Large artery ischaemic stroke in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), J. Neurol., 251, 1227 Virani, 2020, Guillain-Barré Syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, IDCases [Internet], 20 Wang, 2020, Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in wuhan, China, JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 323, 1061, 10.1001/jama.2020.1585 Wei, 2020, The 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia with onset of oculomotor nerve palsy: a case study, J Neurol [Internet] WHO, 2020 Wu, 2020, Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in China, Cell Host Microbe, 27, 325, 10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.001 Xu, 2005, Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the brain: potential role of the chemokine mig in pathogenesis, Clin. Infect. Dis., 41, 1089, 10.1086/444461 Xu, 2020, High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa, Int. J. Oral Sci., 12, 1, 10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x Yang, 2005, Autoantibodies against human epithelial cells and endothelial cells after severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus infection, J. Med. Virol., 77, 1, 10.1002/jmv.20407 Zanin, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain and spine demyelinating lesions, Acta Neurochir (Wien), 1 Zhang, 2016, Dysregulation of CD4+ T cell subsets in intracranial aneurysm, DNA Cell Biol., 35, 96, 10.1089/dna.2015.3105 Zhao, 2020 Zhao, 2020, Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: causality or coincidence?, Lancet Glob Heal, 4422 Zhou, 2020, Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study, Lancet, 395, 1054, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3 Zhu, 2020, A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019, N. Engl. J. Med., 382, 727, 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017 Zochodne, 2004, SARS, SIRS, and neurological disease, Arch. Neurol., 61, 1647, 10.1001/archneur.61.11.1647 Zou, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients, N. Engl. J. Med., 1, 19