Neuroendocrine Control of the Postpartum Period

Andreassen, 1976, Role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in puerperal infertility, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 42, 1114, 10.1210/jcem-42-6-1114 Aono, 1972, Impaired LH release following exogenous estrogen administration in patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 42, 696, 10.1210/jcem-42-4-696 Aragona, 1979, Lactation and galactorrhea, Vol III, 1613 Benson, 1957, The effect of oxytocin on mammary gland involution in the rat, J. Endocrinol., 46, 189, 10.1677/joe.0.0160189 Bergland, 1978, Can the pituitary secrete directly to the brain? (Affirmative anatomical evidence), Endocrinology, 102, 1325, 10.1210/endo-102-5-1325 Blankstem, 1981, Endorphin and the regulation of the human menstrual cycle, Clin. Endocrinol., 14, 287, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1981.tb00197.x Boyar, 1975, Twenty-four hour prolactin secretory patterns during pregnancy, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 40, 1117, 10.1210/jcem-40-6-1117 Boyar, 1972, Synchronization of augmented luteinizing hormone secretion with sleep during puberty, N. Engl. J. Med., 287, 582, 10.1056/NEJM197209212871203 Brun, 1973, Prolactin inhibition and suppression of puerperal lactation by Br-ergocryptine (CB-154): A comparison with estrogen, Obstet. Gynecol., 44, 884 Canales, 1976, Further observations on postpartum ovarian refractoriness: effect of gonadal stimulation in women receiving bromocryptine, Clin. Endocrinol., 5, 127, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1976.tb02823.x Canales, 1974, Study on the recovery of pituitary FSH function during puerperium using synthetic LRH, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 38, 1140, 10.1210/jcem-38-6-1140 Crystle, 1973, Effects of ethinyl estradiol on the secretion of gonadotropins and estrogens in postpartum women, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 116, 616, 10.1016/S0002-9378(15)33123-9 De La Lastra, 1977, Luteinizing hormone content of the pituitary gland in pregnant and non-pregnant women, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 44, 921, 10.1210/jcem-44-5-921 Di Zerega, 1979, Pregnancy-associated ovarian refractoriness to gonadotropin: A myth, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 434, 819, 10.1016/0002-9378(79)90953-0 Di Zerega, 1979, Anovulation after pregnancy termination: ovarian versus hypothalamic-pituitary factors, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 49, 594, 10.1210/jcem-49-4-594 Friedman, 1976, Pituitary responses to LRH in the postpartum periods, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 424, 75, 10.1016/0002-9378(76)90014-4 Fournier, 1974, Current understanding of human prolactin physiology and its diagnostic and therapeutic applications, A review. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 448, 337, 10.1016/S0002-9378(16)33789-9 Gaines, 1915, A contribution to the physiology of lactation, Am. J. Physiol., 38, 285, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1915.38.2.285 Glass, 1975, An abnormality of oestrogen feedback in amenorrheagalactorrhea, Br. Med. J., 3, 274, 10.1136/bmj.3.5978.274 Golubofif, 1969, Effect of pregnancy on the somatotroph and the prolactin cell of the human adenohypophysis, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 29, 1533, 10.1210/jcem-29-12-1533 Hagen, 1975, The gonadotropic hormones and their subunits in human maternal and fetal circulation at delivery, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 121, 926, 10.1016/0002-9378(75)90910-2 Howie, 1982, Fertility after childbirth: Infant feeding patterns, basal prolactin levels and postpartum ovulation, Clin. Endocrinol., 17, 315, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1982.tb01596.x Howie, 1982, Fertility after childbirth: post partum ovulation and menstruation in bottle and breast feeding mothers, Clin. Endocrinol., 17, 323, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1982.tb01597.x Ishizuka, B., Quigley, M. E., and Yen, S. S. C.: Postpartum hypogonadotropinism: Evidence for increased opioid inhibition. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. submitted. Jaffe, 1978, The endocrinology of pregnancy, 521 Jaffe, 1969, Seram gonadotropins before, at the inception of, and following human pregnancy, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 29, 1281, 10.1210/jcem-29-9-1281 Jaffe, 1973, Physiologic and pathologic profiles of circulating human prolactin, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 117, 757, 10.1016/0002-9378(73)90491-2 Jeppsson, 1974, Studies on the decreased gonadotropin response after administration of LH/FSH-releasing hormone during pregnancy and the puerperium, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 120, 1029, 10.1016/0002-9378(74)90145-8 Jeppson, 1977, Influence of LH/FSH releasing hormone (LRH) on the basal secretion of gonadotrophins in relation to plasma levels of oestradiol, progesterone and prolactin during the postpartum period in lactating and in non-lactating women, Acta Endocrinol., 84, 713, 10.1530/acta.0.0840713 Job, 1972, Elevation of serum gonadotropins (LH and FSH) after releasing hormone (LH-RH) injection in normal children and in patients with disorders of puberty, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 35, 473, 10.1210/jcem-35-3-473 Judd, 1978, Inhibition of gonadotropin and prolactin release by dopamine: Effect of endrogenous estradiol levels, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 47, 494, 10.1210/jcem-47-3-494 Kann, 1975, Prolactin levels and duration of postpartum anoestrus in lactating ewes, Nature, 257, 63, 10.1038/257063a0 Kapen, 1976, The relationship of luteinizing hormone secretion to sleep in women during the early follicular phase: Effects of sleep reversal and a prolonged three hour sleep-wake schedule, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 42, 1031, 10.1210/jcem-42-6-1031 Keye, 1976, Changing patterns of FSH and LH response to gonadotropin releasing hormone in the puerperium, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 42, 1133, 10.1210/jcem-42-6-1133 Leblanc, 1976, Effects of dopamine infusion on pituitary hormone secretion in humans, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 43, 668, 10.1210/jcem-43-3-668 Legros, 1975, Variations of neurohypophysical function in normally cycling women, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 41, 54, 10.1210/jcem-41-1-54 LeMaire, 1974, Temporary pituitary insensitivity to stimulation by synthetic LRF during the postpartum period, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 38, 916, 10.1210/jcem-38-5-916 L’Hermite, 1978, Alteration of feedback mechanism of estrogen on gonadotropin by sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 47, 1132, 10.1210/jcem-47-5-1132 Lumpkin, M. D., Samson, W. K., and McCann, S. M.: Oxytocin: A potent controller of prolactin disease. Abstracts of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, San Francisco, Calif, June 16–18, 1982. Abst. #559, p. 219. Lyons, 1958, Hormonal synergism in mammary growth, Proc. R. Soc. (B), 149, 303, 10.1098/rspb.1958.0071 Lyons, 1958, The hormonal control of mammary growth and lactation, Recent Prog. Horm. Res., 14, 219 Miyake, 1978, Pituitary LH response to LHRH during puerperium, Obstet. Gynecol., 51, 37 Nakano, 1974, Gonadotrophin response to luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) in puerperal women, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Seand., 53, 303, 10.3109/00016347409157743 Nakano, 1975, Ovarian response to exogenously administered human gonadotropin during the postpartum period, Am. J. Obstet. Gvnecol., 121, 187, 10.1016/0002-9378(75)90637-7 Nillius, 1975, Successful induction of follicular maturation and ovulation by prolonged treatment with LH-releasing hormone in women with anorexia nervosa, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 122, 921, 10.1016/0002-9378(75)90349-X Noel, 1974, Prolactin release during nursing and breast stimulation in postpartum and nonpostpartum subjects, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 38, 413, 10.1210/jcem-38-3-413 Parlow, 1970, On the concentration of radioimmunoassayable FSH circulating in blood throughout human pregnancy, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 31, 213, 10.1210/jcem-31-2-213 Pasteels, 1972, Morphology of the lactotropes and somatotropes of man and rhesus monkeys, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 34, 959, 10.1210/jcem-34-6-959 Quigley, 1980, Evidence for an increased opioid inhibition of LH secretion in hyperprolactinemic patients with pituitary microadenoma, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 50, 427, 10.1210/jcem-50-3-427 Quigley, 1980, Evidence for an increased dopaminergic and opioid activity in patients with hypothalamic hypogondotropic amenorrhea, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 50, 949, 10.1210/jcem-50-5-949 Quigley, 1980, The role of endogenous opiates on LH secretion during the menstrual cycle, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 51, 179, 10.1210/jcem-51-1-179 Rasmussen, D., Liu, J. H., and Yen, S. S. C.: Endogenous opioid regulation of GnRH release from the human mediobasal hypothalamus in vitro. SGI Abstract 1983, in press. Rebar, R. W.: The breast and physiology of lactation. In Maternal and Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice, Resnik, R., and Creasy, R. K. (eds.): Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co., In press. Renfree, 1979, Initiation of development of diapausing embryo by mammary denervation during lactation in a marsupial, Nature, 278, 549, 10.1038/278549a0 Richardson, 1949, Contractile tissues in the mammary gland with special reference to myoepithelium in the goat, Froc. R. Soc. Lond. (Biol.), 136, 30, 10.1098/rspb.1949.0004 Rigg, 1977, Pattern of increase in circulating prolactin levels during human gestation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 129, 454, 10.1016/0002-9378(77)90594-4 Rigg, 1977, Multiphasic prolactin secretion during parturition in human subjects, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 128, 215, 10.1016/0002-9378(77)90692-5 Robinson, 1977, Changes in breast sensitivity at puberty, during the menstrual cycle, and at parturition, Br. Med. J., 1, 1188, 10.1136/bmj.1.6070.1188 Rolland, 1975, The role of prolactin in the restoration of ovarian function during the early postpartum period in the human female. I. A study during physiological lactation, Clin. Endocrinol., 4, 15, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1975.tb03300.x Roth, 1972, FSH and LH response to luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in prepubertal and pubertal children, adult males and patients with hypogonadotropin and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 35, 926, 10.1210/jcem-35-6-926 Rubin, 1972, Gonadotropin secretion during sleep in normal adult men, Science, 175, 196, 10.1126/science.175.4018.196 Sassin, 1972, Human prolactin: 24-hour pattern with increased release during sleep, Science, 177, 1205, 10.1126/science.177.4055.1205 Sheehan, 1979, Activation of pituitary gonadotropic function by an agonist of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in the puerperium, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 135, 755, 10.1016/0002-9378(79)90387-9 Short, 1976, Healthy infertility, Uppsala J. Med. Sci., 22, 23 Soloff, 1977, Characterization of oxytocin receptors in the uterus and mammary gland, Fed. Proc., 36, 1861 Topper, 1970, Multiple hormone interactions in the development of mammary gland in vitro, Recent Prog. Horm. Res., 26, 287 Topper, 1980, Multiple hormone interactions in the developmental biology of the mammary gland, Physiol. Rev., 60, 1049, 10.1152/physrev.1980.60.4.1049 Turkington, 1972, Molecular biological aspects of prolactin, 111 Turner, 1930, The physiological effect of pituitary extract (posterior lobe) on the lactating mammary gland, J. Dairy Sei., 13, 8, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(30)93499-6 Tyson, 1972, Studies of prolactin secretion in human pregnancy, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 113, 14, 10.1016/0002-9378(72)90446-2 Vorherr, 1973, Contraception after abortion and postpartum, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 117, 1002, 10.1016/0002-9378(73)90076-8 Wardlaw, 1982, Effect of steroids on β-endorphin in hypophyseal portal blood, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 55, 877, 10.1210/jcem-55-5-877 Weitzman, 1980, The effect of nursing on neurohypophyseal hormone and prolactin secretion in human subjects, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 51, 836, 10.1210/jcem-51-4-836 Wilkes, 1982, Augmentation by naloxone on efflux of LRF from superfused medial basal hypothalamus, Life Sei., 28, 2355, 10.1016/0024-3205(81)90500-2 Williams, 1980, Reinitiation of the diurnal rhythm of prolactin secretion in postpartum rhesus monkeys, Biol. Repro., 23, 276, 10.1095/biolreprod23.2.276 Williams, 1979, Resumption of estrogen-induced gonadotropin surges in postpartum monkeys, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 49, 422, 10.1210/jcem-49-3-422 Yen, 1974, Augmentation of prolactin secretion by estrogen in hypogonadal women, J. Clin. Invest., 53, 652, 10.1172/JCI107600 Yen, 1973, Pituitary gonadotrophin responsiveness to synthetic LRF in subjects with normal and abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, J. Reprod. Fertil., 20, 137 Zarate, 1974, Refractory postpartum ovarian response to gonadal stimulation in nonlactating women, Obset. Gynecol., 44, 819 Zarate, 1972, Ovarian refractoriness during lactation in women: effect of gonadotropin stimulation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 112, 1130, 10.1016/0002-9378(72)90192-5