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Sinh học thần kinh của rối loạn lưỡng cực: Ý nghĩa cho nghiên cứu và điều trị trong tương lai
Tóm tắt
Nhiều phát hiện liên quan đến vỏ não trước trán và các khu vực limbic của não cùng với hệ thống nội tiết tố trong bệnh lý thần kinh và sinh lý bệnh của rối loạn lưỡng cực đã làm tăng cường hiểu biết của chúng ta về sinh học thần kinh của căn bệnh này. Các kỹ thuật hình ảnh mới như PET, MRI, SPECT và MRS đã cung cấp nhiều chứng cứ hơn về những thay đổi khu vực cụ thể trong não của bệnh nhân lưỡng cực so với những gì mà cách đây 20 năm chúng ta nghĩ là có thể. Các phương pháp này đang bắt đầu được sử dụng để giúp dự đoán phản ứng với điều trị. Việc nghiên cứu cơ chế tác động của các chất ổn định tâm trạng (chẳng hạn như lithium, carbamazepine và valproate) đã cung cấp những manh mối về các bất thường sinh học thần kinh nền tảng có thể có trong căn bệnh này. Những nghiên cứu gần đây về mô não sau khi tử vong đã bắt đầu xác nhận các thay đổi vi hóa học và vi cấu trúc ở vỏ não trước trán và limbic trong các bệnh nhân bị rối loạn lưỡng cực so với các đối chứng. Người ta giả định rằng sự cân bằng giữa những thay đổi bệnh lý nguyên phát so với những thay đổi thích nghi thứ phát trong biểu hiện gen và sự gia tăng hoặc ức chế chúng bởi liệu pháp dược lý có thể xác định diễn biến từng đợt của những biến động tâm trạng và sự lui bệnh. Việc nghiên cứu thêm về sinh lý bệnh và sinh học thần kinh của bệnh lưỡng cực nên dẫn đến cả các phương pháp điều trị hiệu quả hơn và, có tiềm năng, ngăn ngừa các đợt bệnh thứ phát và thậm chí nguyên phát.
Từ khóa
#bệnh lưỡng cực #sinh học thần kinh #rối loạn tâm trạng #liệu pháp dược lý #vỏ não trước trán #vùng limbicTài liệu tham khảo
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