Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear

Ayres, J. J. B., Axelrod, H., Mercker, E., Muchnik, F., &Vigorito, M. (1985). Concurrent observations of barpress suppression and freezing: Effects of CS modality and on-line vs. off-line training.Animal Learning & Behavior,13, 44–50.

Bandler, R., Carrive, P., &Zhang, S. P. (1991). Integration of somatic and autonomic reactions within the midbrain periaqueductal grey: Viscerotopic, somatotopic and functional organization. In G. Holstege (Ed.),Progress in brain research: Vol. 87. Role of the forebrain in sensation and behavior (pp. 269–305). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Bandler, R., &Depaulis, A. (1988). Elicitation of intraspecific defence reactions in the rat from midbrain periaqueductal grey by microinjection of kainic acid without neurotoxic effects.Neuroscience Letters,88, 291–296.

Bandler, R., &Depaulis, A. (1991). Midbrain periaqueductal gray control of defensive behavior in the cat and the rat. In A. Depaulis & R. Bandler (Eds.),The midbrain periaqueductal grey matter: Functional, anatomical and immunohistochemical organization (NATO ASI Series A: Vol. 213, pp. 175–198). New York: Plenum.

Blanchard, D. C., &Blanchard, R. J. (1969). Crouching as an index of fear.Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology,67, 370–375.

Blanchard, D. C., &Blanchard, R. J. (1972). Innate and conditioned reactions to threat in rats with amygdaloid lesions.Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology,81, 281–290.

Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., Agullana, R., &Weis, S. M. (1991). Twenty-two kHz alarm cries to presentation of a predator, by laboratory rats living in visible burrow systems.Physiology & Behavior,50, 967–972.

Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., &Hori, K. (1989). An ethoexperimental approach to the study of defense. In R. J. Blanchard, P. F. Brain, D. C. Blanchard, & S. Parmigiani (Eds.),Ethoexperimental approaches to the study of behavior (NATO ASI Series D: Vol. 48, pp. 114–136). Boston: Kluver Academic Publishers.

Blanchard, R. J., Fukunaga, K. K., &Blanchard, D. C. (1976). Environmental control of defensive reactions to footshock.Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society,8, 129–130.

Blomqvist, A., &Craig, A. D. (1991). Organization of spinal and trigeminal input to the PAG. In A. Depaulis & R. Bandler (Eds.),The midbrain periaqueductal grey matter: Functional, anatomical and immunohistochemical organization (NATO ASI Series A: Vol. 213, pp. 345–363). New York: Plenum.

Bolles, R. C. (1970). Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning.Psychological Review,77, 32–48.

Bolles, R. C. (1975).Theory of motivation (2nd ed). New York: Harper & Row.

Bolles, R. C., &Collier, A. C. (1976). Effect of predictive cues on freezing in rats.Animal Learning & Behavior,4, 6–8.

Bolles, R. C., &Fanselow, M. S. (1980). A perceptual-defensiverecuperative model of fear and pain.Behavioral & Brain Sciences,3, 291–301.

Bolles, R. C., &Riley, A. L. (1973). Freezing as an avoidance response: Another look at the operant-respondent distinction.Learning & Motivation,4, 268–275.

Cannon, J. T., Prieto, G. J., Lee, A., &Liebeskind, J. C. (1982). Evidence for opioid and non-opioid forms of stimulation-produced analgesia in the rat.Brain Research,243, 315–321.

Carrive, P., Bandler, R., &Dampney, R. A. L. (1989). Somatic and autonomic integration in the midbrain of the unanesthetized decerebrate cat: A distinctive pattern evoked by excitation of neurones in the subtentorial portion of the midbrain periaqueductal grey.Brain Research,483, 251–258.

Chandler, S. C., Liu, H., Murphy, A. Z., Shipley, M. T., &Behbehani, M. M. (1993). Columnar organization in PAG: Physiological evidence for intercolumnar interactions.Society for Neuroscience Abstracts,19, 1408.

Clugnet, M.-C., &LeDoux, J. E. (1990). Synaptic plasticity in fear conditioning circuits: Induction of LTP in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala by stimulation of the medial geniculate body.Journal of Neuroscience,10, 2818–2824.

Davis, M. (1992). The role of the amygdala in conditioned fear. In J. P. Aggleton (Ed.),The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction (pp. 255–305). New York: Wiley-Liss.

Dean, P., Redgrave, P., &Westby, G. W. M. (1989). Event or emergency? Two response systems in the mammalian superior colliculus.Trends in Neuroscience,12, 137–147.

De Oca, B.,DeCola, J. P.,Liebeskind, J. C., &Fanselow, M. S. (in press). Differential effects of ventral and dorsal periaqueductal gray (PAG) lesions on defensive responses of rats to cats, shock and taste aversion.Society for Neuroscience Abstracts.

Depaulis, A., Bandler, R., &Vergnes, M. (1989). Characterization of pretentorial periaqueductal gray neurons mediating intraspecific defensive behaviors in the rat by microinjections of kainic acid.Brain Research,486, 121–132.

Depaulis, A., Keay, K. A., &Bandler, R. (1992). Longitudinal neuronal organization of defensive reactions in the midbrain periaqueductal gray region of the rat.Experimental Brain Research,90, 307–318.

Estes, W. K., &Skinner, B. F. (1941). Some quantitative properties of anxiety.Journal of Experimental Psychology,29, 390–400.

Fanselow, M. S. (1980). Conditional and unconditional components of post-shock freezing.Pavlovian Journal of Biological Sciences,15, 177–182.

Fanselow, M. S. (1982). The post-shock activity burst.Animal Learning & Behavior,10, 448–454.

Fanselow, M. S. (1984). Opiate modulation of both the active and inactive components of the postshock reaction: Parallels between naloxone pretreatment and shock intensity.Behavioral Neuroscience,98, 269–277.

Fanselow, M. S. (1986). Associative vs. topographical accounts of the immediate shock freezing deficit in rats: Implications for the response selection rules governing species specific defensive reactions.Learning & Motivation,17, 16–39.

Fanselow, M. S. (1989). The adaptive function of conditioned defensive behavior: An ecological approach to Pavlovian stimulus substitution theory. In R. J. Blanchard, P. F. Brain, D. C. Blanchard, & S. Parmigiani (Eds.),Ethoexperimental approaches to the study of behavior (NATO ASI Series D: Vol. 48, pp. 151–166). Boston: Kluver Academic Publishers.

Fanselow, M. S. (1990). Factors governing one trial contextual conditioning.Animal Learning & Behavior,18, 264–270.

Fanselow, M. S. (1991). The midbrain periaqueductal gray as a coordinator of action in response to fear and anxiety. In A. Depaulis & R. Bandler (Eds.),The midbrain periaqueductal grey matter: Functional, anatomical and immunohistochemical organization (NATO ASI Series A: Vol. 213, pp. 151–173). New York: Plenum.

Fanselow, M. S., &Baackes, M. P. (1982). Conditioned fear-induced opiate analgesia on the formalin test: Evidence for two aversive motivational systems.Learning & Motivation,13, 220–221.

Fanselow, M. S.,DeCola, J. P.,De Oca, B., &Landeira-Fernandez, J. (in press). Ventral and dorsolateral regions of the midbrain periaqueductal gray control different stages of defensive behavior: Dorsolateral PAG lesions enhance the defensive freezing produced by massed and immediate shock.Aggressive Behavior.

Fanselow, M. S., DeCola, J. P., &Young, S. L. (1993). Mechanisms responsible for reduced contextual conditioning with massed unsignaled unconditional stimuli.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes,19, 121–137.

Fanselow, M. S., &Kim, J. J. (1992). The benzodiazepine inverse agonist DMCM as an unconditional stimulus for fear-induced analgesia: Implications for the role of GABAA receptors in fear related behavior.Behavioral Neuroscience,106, 336–344.

Fanselow, M. S., &Kim, J. J. (1994). Acquisition of contextual Pavlovian fear conditioning is blocked by application of an NMDA receptor antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid to the basolateral amygdala.Behavioral Neuroscience,108, 210–212.

Fanselow, M. S., Landeira-Fernandez, J., DeCola, J. P., &Kim, J. J. (1994). The immediate shock deficit and postshock analgesia: Implications for the relationship between the analgesic CR and UR.Animal Learning & Behavior,22, 72–76.

Fanselow, M. S., &Lester, L. S. (1988). A functional behavioristic approach to aversively motivated behavior: Predatory imminence as a determinant of the topography of defensive behavior. In R. C. Bolles & M. D. Beecher (Eds.),Evolution and learning (pp. 185–211). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Fanselow, M. S., Lester, L. S., &Helmstetter, F. J. (1988). Changes in feeding and foraging patterns as an antipredator defensive strategy: A laboratory simulation using aversive stimulation in a closed economy.Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,50, 361–374.

Fanselow, M. S., Sigmundi, R. A., &Williams, J. (1987). Response selection and the hierarchical organization of species specific defense reactions: The relationship between freezing, flight and defensive burying.Psychological Record,37, 381–386.

Fanselow, M. S., &Tighe, T. J. (1988). Contextual conditioning with massed versus distributed unconditional stimuli.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes,14, 187–199.

Grau, J. W. (1984). Influence of naloxone on shock-induced freezing and analgesia.Behavioral Neuroscience,98, 278–292.

Helmstetter, F. J. (1992). The amygdala is essential for the expression of conditional hypoalgesia.Behavioral Neuroscience,106, 518–528.

Helmstetter, F. J., &Fanselow, M. S. (1987). Effects of naltrexone on learning and performance of conditional fear-induced freezing and opioid analgesia.Physiology & Behavior,39, 501–505.

Helmstetter, F. J., &Fanselow, M. S. (1993). Aversively motivated changes in meal patterns of rats in a closed economy: The effects of shock density.Animal Learning & Behavior,21, 168–175.

Helmstetter, F. J., &Landeira-Fernandez, J. (1991). Conditional hypoalgesia is attenuated by naltrexone applied to the periaqueductal gray.Brain Research,537, 88–92.

Hirsch, S. M., &Bolles, R. C. (1980). On the ability of prey to recognize predators.Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie,54, 71–84.

Hopkins, D. A., &Holstege, G. (1978). Amygdaloid projections to the mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata in the cat.Experimental Brain Research,32, 529–547.

Jurgens, U. (1991). Neurochemical study of PAG control of vocal behavior. In A. Depaulis & R. Bandler (Eds.),The midbrain periaqueductal grey matter: Functional, anatomical and immunohistochemical organization (NATO ASI Series A: Vol. 213, pp. 11–21). New York: Plenum.

Kapp, B. S., Whalen, P. J., Supple, W. F., &Pascoe, J. P. (1992). Amygdaloid contributions to conditioned arousal and sensory information processing. In J. P. Aggleton (Ed.),The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction (pp. 229–254). New York: Wiley-Liss.

Kiernan, M., &Cranney, J. (1992). Excitotoxic lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala but not of the periaqueductal gray block integrated fear responding as indexed by both freezing responses and augmentation of startle.Society for Neuroscience Abstracts,18, 1566.

Kim, J. J., &Fanselow, M. S. (1992). Modality specific retrograde amnesia of fear following hippocampal lesions.Science,256, 675–677.

Kim, J. J., Rison, R. A., &Fanselow, M. S. (1993). Effects of amygdala, hippocampus, and periaqueductal gray lesions on short- and long-term contextual fear.Behavioral Neuroscience,107, 1093–1098.

Larson, C. R. (1991). Activity of PAG neurons during conditioned vocalization in the macaque monkey. In A. Depaulis & R. Bandler (Eds.),The midbrain periaqueductal grey matter: Functional, anatomical and immunohistochemical organization (NATO ASI Series A: Vol. 213, pp. 23–40). New York: Plenum.

Leaton, R. N., &Borszcz, G. S. (1985). Potentiated startle: Its relation to freezing and shock intensity in rats.Journal of Experimental Psychology,11, 421–428.

LeDoux, J. E. (1992). Emotion and the amygdala. In J. P. Aggleton (Ed.),The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction (pp. 339–351). New York: Wiley-Liss.

LeDoux, J. E., Iwata, J., Cicchetti, P., &Reis, D. J. (1988). Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear.Journal of Neuroscience,8, 2517–2529.

LeDoux, J. E., Sakaguchi, A., &Reis, D. J. (1984). Subcortical efferent projections of the medial geniculate nucleus mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli.Journal of Neuroscience,4, 683–698.

Liebman, J. M., Mayer, D. J., &Liebeskind, J. C. (1970). Mesencephalic central gray lesions and fear-motivated behavior in rats.Brain Research,23, 353–370.

Lovick, T. A. (1991). Interactions between descending pathways from the dorsal and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter in the rat. In A. Depaulis & R. Bandler (Eds.),The midbrain periaqueductal grey matter: Functional, anatomical and immunohistochemical organization (NATO ASI Series A: Vol. 213, pp. 101–120). New York: Plenum.

Lyon, M. (1964). The role of central midbrain structures in conditioned responding to aversive noise in the rat.Journal of Comparative Neurology,122, 407–429.

Maier, S. F. (1989). Determinants of the nature of environmentallyinduced hypoalgesia.Behavioral Neuroscience,103, 131–143.

Phillips, R. G., &LeDoux, J. E. (1992). Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning.Behavioral Neuroscience,106, 274–285.

Redgrave, P., &Dean, P. (1991). Does the PAG learn about emergencies from the superior colliculus? In A. Depaulis & R. Bandler (Eds.),The midbrain periaqueductal grey matter: Functional, anatomical and immunohistochemical organization (NATO ASI Series A: Vol. 213, pp. 199–209). New York: Plenum.

Rizvi, T. A., Ennis, M., Behbehani, M., &Shipley, M. T. (1991). Connections between the central nucleus of the amygdala and the midbrain periaqueductal gray: Topography and reciprocity.Journal of Comparative Neurology,303, 121–131.

Shipley, M. T., Ennis, M., Rizvi, T. A., &Behbehani, M. M. (1991). Topographical specificity of forebrain inputs to the midbrain periaqueductal gray: Evidence for discrete longitudinally organized input columns. In A. Depaulis & R. Bandler (Eds.),The midbrain periaqueductal grey matter: Functional, anatomical and immunohistochemical organization (NATO ASI Series A: Vol. 213, pp. 417–448). New York: Plenum.

Sigmundi, R. A., &Bolles, R. C. (1983). CS modality, context conditioning, and conditioned freezing.Animal Learning & Behavior,11, 205–212.

Timberlake, W. (1993). Behavior systems and reinforcement: An integrative approach.Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,60, 105–128.

Timberlake, W., &Lucas, G. A. (1989). Behavior systems and learning: From misbehavior to general principles. In S. B. Klein & R. R. Mowrer (Eds.),Contemporary learning theories: Instrumental conditioning theory and the impact of biological constraints on learning (pp. 237–275). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Tolman, E. C. (1932).Purposive behavior in animals and men. New York: Appleton.

Watkins, L. R., Cobelli, D. A., &Mayer, D. J. (1982). Classical conditioning of front paw and hind paw footshock induced analgesia (FSIA): Naloxone reversibility and descending pathways.Brain Research,243, 119–132.

Yeomans, J. S., &Pollard, B. A. (1993). Amygdala efferents mediating electrically evoked startle-like responses and fear potentiation of acoustic startle.Behavioral Neuroscience,107, 596–610.

Young, S. L., Bohenek, D. L., &Fanselow, M. S. (1994). NMDA processes mediate anterograde amnesia of contextual fear conditioning induced by hippocampal damage: Immunization against amnesia by contextual preexposure.Behavioral Neuroscience,108, 19–29.

Young, S. L., &Fanselow, M. S. (1992). Associative regulation of Pavlovian fear conditioning: US intensity, incentive shifts & latent inhibition.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes,18, 400–413.