Neonatal thymectomy in children—accelerating the immunologic clock?

Gudmundsdottir, 2016, Early thymectomy leads to premature immunologic ageing: an 18-year follow-up, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 138, 1439, 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.014 Gerli, 1999, Long-term immunologic effects of thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 865, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70431-8 Chang, 2018, Thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis increases the risk of autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a nationwide cohort study, Rheumatology (Oxford), 58, 135, 10.1093/rheumatology/key236 Ekman-Joelsson, 2017, Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease is associated with early sternotomy and left ventricular hipoplasia during infancy: a population-based retrospective review, Cardiol Young, 27, 1823, 10.1017/S104795111700155X Eysteinsdottir, 2004, The influence of partial or total thymectomy during open heart surgery in infants on the immune function later in life, Clin Exp Immunol, 136, 349, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02437.x Lepletier, 2017, Inflammation and thymus ageing, Front Horm Res, 48, 19, 10.1159/000452903 Mancebo, 2008, Longitudinal analysis of immune function in the first 3 years of life in thymectomized neonates during cardiac surgery, Clin Exp Immunol, 154, 375, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03771.x Sauce, 2011, Altered thymic activity in early life: in young adults? How does it affect the immune system, Curr Opin Immunol, 23, 543, 10.1016/j.coi.2011.05.001 Elder, 2015, Immunologic aging in adults with congenital heart disease: does infant sternotomy matter?, Pediatr Cardiol, 36, 1411, 10.1007/s00246-015-1174-9 Takaba, 2015, Fezf2 orchestrates a thymic program of self-antigen expression for immune tolerance, Cell, 163, 975, 10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.013 Klein, 2019, Central CD4+T cell tolerance: deletion versus regulatory T cell differentiation, Nat Rev Immunol, 19, 7, 10.1038/s41577-018-0083-6 Shevach, 2014, tTregs, pTregs, and iTregs: similarities and differences, Immunol Rev, 259, 88, 10.1111/imr.12160 Szurek, 2015, Differences in expression level of Helios and neuropilin-1 do not distinguish thymus-derived from extrathymically-induced CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, PloS One, 10, 10.1371/journal.pone.0141161 Bains, 2009, Quantifying thymic export: combining models of naive T cell proliferation and TCR excision circle dynamics gives an explicit measure of thymic output, J Immunol, 183, 4329, 10.4049/jimmunol.0900743 Ye, 2002, Measuring emigration of human thymocytes by T-cell receptor excision circles, Crit Rev Immunol, 22, 483, 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v22.i5-6.80 Sempowski, 2001, Effect of thymectomy on human peripheral blood T cell pools in myasthenia gravis, J Immunol, 15, 2808, 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2808 Adams, 2018, A comparison of TRECs and flow cytometry for naive T cell quantification, Clin Exp Immunol, 191, 198, 10.1111/cei.13062 Prelog, 2009, Thymectomy in early childhood: significant alterations of the CD4(+)CD45RA(+)CD62L(+) T-cell compartment in later life, Clin Immunol, 130, 123, 10.1016/j.clim.2008.08.023 Steinmann, 1985, The involution of the ageing human thymic epithelium is independent of puberty: a morphometric study, Scand J Immunol, 22, 563, 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1985.tb01916.x Pawelec, 2017, Immunosenescence and cancer, Biogerontology, 18, 717, 10.1007/s10522-017-9682-z Gossel, 2017, Memory CD4 T cell subsets are kinetically heterogeneous and replenished from naive T cells at high levels, Elife, 6, 10.7554/eLife.23013 Ginn-Pease, 2001, Alterations in the expression of interleukin-2R subunits by activated T cells from elderly humans are uncoupled from aberrancies in G1/S progression, J Interferon Cytokine Res, 21, 515, 10.1089/10799900152434394 Oh, 2017, Capacity of tTreg generation is not impaired in the athophied thymus, PLoS Biol, 15, 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003352 Boren, 2004, Inflamm-aging: autoimmunity, and the immune-risk phenotype, Autoimmun Rev, 3, 401, 10.1016/j.autrev.2004.03.004 Watad, 2017, Autoimmunity in the elderly: insights from basic science and clinics - a mini-review, Gerontology, 63, 515, 10.1159/000478012 Fulop, 2018, Immunosenescence and inflamm-aging as two sides of the same coin: friends or foes?, Front Immunol, 8, 1960, 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01960 Lynch, 2009, Thymic involution and immune reconstitution, Trends Immunol, 30, 366, 10.1016/j.it.2009.04.003 Douek, 2000, Evidence for thymic function in the elderly, Vaccine, 25, 1638, 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00499-5 Duarte, 2009, Natural Treg cells spontaneously differentiate into pathogenic helper cells in lymphopenic conditions, Eur J Immunol, 39, 948, 10.1002/eji.200839196 Sauce, 2009, Evidence of premature immune aging in patients thymectomized during early childhood, J Clin Invest, 119, 3070, 10.1172/JCI39269 van Gent, 2011, Long-term restoration of the human T-cell compartment after thymectomy during infancy: a role for thymic regeneration?, Blood, 118, 627, 10.1182/blood-2011-03-341396 Sauce, 2012, Lymphopenia-driven homeostatic regulation of naive T cells in elderly and thymectomized young adults, J Immunol, 189, 5541, 10.4049/jimmunol.1201235 Schadenberg, 2014, Differential homeostatic dynamics of human regulatory T-cell subsets following neonatal thymectomy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 133, 277, 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.08.030 Morsheimer, 2016, Risk factors and clinical significance of lymphopenia in survivors of the Fontan procedure for single-ventricle congenital cardiac disease, J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 4, 491, 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.11.034 Van den Broek, 2017, Human neonatal thymectomy induces altered B-cell responses and autoreactivity, Eur J Immunol, 47, 1970, 10.1002/eji.201746971 Offor, 2018, Cardiac transplantation for congenital heart disease is associated with an increased risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in children: a single center experience, Br J Hamatol, 181, 113 van den Broek, 2016, Neonatal thymectomy reveals differentiation and plasticity within human naive T cells, J Clin Invest, 126, 1126, 10.1172/JCI84997 Gennery, 1998, Effect of immunosuppression after cardiac transplantation in early childhood on antibody response to polysaccharide antigen, Lancet, 351, 1778, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)08486-9 Giardino, 2019, Clinical and immunological features in a cohort of patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome followed at a single center, Blood, 2586, 10.1182/blood.2018885244 McLean-Tooke, 2008, Immunologic defects in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 122, 362, 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.033 Montin, 2019, Immunophenotype anomalies predict the development of autoimmune cytopenia in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 7, 2369, 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.03.014 McLean-Tooke, 2011, Flow cytometric analysis of TCR Vβ repertoire in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, Scand J Immunol, 73, 577, 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02527.x Ricci, 2018, Reduced frequency of peripheral CD4+CD45RA+CD31+ cells and autoimmunity phenomena in patients affected by Del22q11 syndrome, Clin Immunol, 188, 81, 10.1016/j.clim.2017.12.011 Eberle, 2009, Persistent low thymic activity and non-cardiac mortality in children with chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion and partial DiGeorge syndrome, Clin Exp Immunol, 155, 189, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03809.x Marcovecchio, 2019, Thymic epithelium abnormalities in DiGeorge and Down syndrome patients contribute to dysregulation in T cell development, Front Immunol, 10, 447, 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00447 Bosticardo, 2019, Heterozygous FOXN1 variants cause low TRECs and severe T cell lymphopenia, revealing a crucial role of FOXN1 in supporting early thymopoiesis, Am J Hum Genet, 105, 549, 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.07.014 De Ravin, 2010, Hypomorphic Rag mutations can cause destructive midline granulomatous disease, Blood, 116, 1263, 10.1182/blood-2010-02-267583 Poliani, 2009, Early defects in human T-cell development severely affect distribution and maturation of thymic stromal cells: possible implications for the pathophysiology of Omenn syndrome, Blood, 114, 105, 10.1182/blood-2009-03-211029 Lee, 2016, Characterization of T and B cell repertoire diversity in patients with RAG deficiency, Sci Immunol, 1, 10.1126/sciimmunol.aah6109 Yu, 2014, Human syndromes of immunodeficiency and dysregulation are characterized by distinct defects in T-cell receptor repertoire development, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 133, 1109, 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.018 Lambert, 2018, The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: cancer predisposition, platelet abnormalities and cytopenias, Am J Med Genet A, 176, 2121, 10.1002/ajmg.a.38474 Bomken, 2018, Current understanding and future research priorities in malignancy associated with primary immunodeficiency and DNA repair disorders: the perspective of an interdisciplinary working group, Front Immunol, 9, 2192, 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02912 Bassett, 2011, Practical guidelines for managing patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, J Pediatr, 159, 332, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.02.039 Habel, 2014, Towards a safety net for management of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: guidelines for our times, Eur J Pediatr, 173, 757, 10.1007/s00431-013-2240-z Hohlfeld, 1999, The immunopathogenesis of myasthenia gravis, 87 Evoli, 2002, Thymoma in patients with MG: characteristics and long-term outcome, Neurology, 59, 1844, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000032502.89361.0C Marx, 1989, Proteins with epitopes of the acetylcholine receptor in epithelial cell cultures of thymomas in myasthenia gravis, Am J Pathol, 134, 865 Romi, 2002, Titin and ryanodine receptor epitopes are expressed in cortical thymoma along with costimulatory molecules, J Neuroimmunol, 128, 82, 10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00145-5 Minchenberg, 2018, Systemic lupus erythematosus-myasthenia gravis overlap syndrome: presentation and treatment depend on prior thymectomy, Clin Immunol, 194, 100, 10.1016/j.clim.2018.07.007 Sun, 2004, Increase of circulating CD4+CD25+ T cells in myasthenia gravis patients with stability and thymectomy, Clin Immunol, 112, 284, 10.1016/j.clim.2004.04.005 Gilhus, 2015, Myasthenia gravis and risks for comorbidity, Eur J Neurol, 22, 17, 10.1111/ene.12599 Miskovic, 2015, Systemic lupus erythematosus and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome after thymectomy for myasthenia gravis - a case report, Open Access Maced J Med Sci, 3, 439, 10.3889/oamjms.2015.096 Min, 2005, Spontaneous and homeostatic proliferation of CD4 T cells are regulated by different mechanisms, J Immunol, 174, 6039, 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6039 Ohara, 2018, Myasthenia gravis complicated with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS), following thymectomy and longstanding tacrolimus therapy, Intern Med, 57, 601, 10.2169/internalmedicine.9167-17 Levin, 2005, Extrathymic malignancies in patients with myasthenia gravis, J Neurol Sci, 237, 39, 10.1016/j.jns.2005.05.009