Negative ion chemistry in Titan's upper atmosphere
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adams, 1996, Gas phase ionic reactions, 441
Bakes, 2002, Photoelectric charging of submicron aerosols and macromolecules in the Titan haze, Icarus, 157, 464, 10.1006/icar.2002.6843
Barckholtz, 2001, Reactions of Cn− and CnH− with atomic and molecular hydrogen, Astrophys. J., 547, L171, 10.1086/318909
Bartmess, 1979, Scale of acidities in the gas phase from methanol to phenol, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101, 6046, 10.1021/ja00514a030
Berkowitz, 1996, Photoion-pair formation, 263
Berkowitz, 1969, Photoionization of HCN: the electron affinity and heat of formation of CN, J. Chem. Phys., 50, 1497, 10.1063/1.1671233
Bohme, 1975, The kinetics and energetics of proton transfer, 489
Bohme, 1969, Thermal reactions of O− ions with saturated hydrocarbon molecules, Can. J. Chem., 47, 2717, 10.1139/v69-447
Borucki, 1987, Predictions of the electrical conductivity and charging of the aerosols in Titan's atmosphere, Icarus, 72, 604, 10.1016/0019-1035(87)90056-X
Borucki, 2006, Predictions of the electrical conductivity and charging of the aerosols in Titan's atmosphere, Icarus, 181, 527, 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.030
Botschwina, 1996, The two lowest electronic states of C5N: results of coupled cluster calculations, Chem. Phys. Lett., 259, 627, 10.1016/0009-2614(96)00775-0
Bradforth, 1993, Photoelectron spectroscopy of CN−, NCO−, and NCS−, J. Chem. Phys., 98, 800, 10.1063/1.464244
Brünken, 2007, Detection of the carbon chain negative ion C8H− in TMC-1, Astrophys. J., 664, L43, 10.1086/520703
Capone, 1980, Cosmic ray synthesis of organic molecules in Titan's atmosphere, Icarus, 44, 72, 10.1016/0019-1035(80)90056-1
Carrasco, 2007, Uncertainty analysis of bimolecular reactions in Titan ionosphere chemistry model, Planet. Space Sci., 55, 141, 10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.004
Cernicharo, 2007, Astronomical detection of C4H−, the second interstellar anion, Astron. Astrophys., 467, L37, 10.1051/0004-6361:20077415
Chupka, 1975, High resolution photoionization study of ion-pair formation in H2, HD, and D2, J. Chem. Phys., 63, 3929, 10.1063/1.431833
Coates, 2009, Interaction of Titan's ionosphere with Saturn's magnetosphere, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 367, 773, 10.1098/rsta.2008.0248
Coates, 2007, Discovery of heavy negative ions in Titan's ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L22103, 10.1029/2007GL030978
Coates, 2007, Ionospheric electrons in Titan's tail: plasma structure during the Cassini T9 encounter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L24S05, 10.1029/2007GL030919
Coates, A.J., Wellbrock, A., Lewis, G.R., Jones, G.H., Young, D.T., Crary, F.J., Waite, J.H., 2009. Heavy negative ions in Titan's ionosphere: altitude and latitude dependence. Planet. Space Sci., this issue, doi:10.1016/j.pss.2009.05.009.
Crary, F., Magee, B.A., Mandt, K., Waite, J.H. Jr., Westlake, J., Young, D.T., 2009. Heavy ions in Titan's ionosphere: a comparison of Cassini CAPS and INMS observations. Planet. Space Sci. This issue.
Cravens, 2006, Composition of Titan's ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07105, 10.1029/2005GL025575
Cravens, 2008, Energetic ion precipitation at Titan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03103, 10.1029/2007GL032451
Cravens, 2009, Model-data comparisons for Titan's nightside ionosphere, Icarus, 199, 174, 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.09.005
Cravens, 2004, The ionosphere of Titan: an updated theoretical model, Adv. Space Res., 33, 212, 10.1016/j.asr.2003.02.012
Cui, 2009, Analysis of Titan's neutral upper atmosphere from Cassini Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 200, 581
De Bleecker, 2006, Detailed modeling of hydrocarbon nanoparticle nucleation in acetylene discharges, Phys. Rev. E, 73, 026405, 10.1103/PhysRevE.73.026405
De Kok, 2007, Oxygen compounds in Titan's stratosphere as observed by Cassini CIRS, Icarus, 186, 354, 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.016
Deschenaux, 1999, Investigations of CH4, C2H2 and C2H4 dusty RF plasmas by means of FTIR absorption spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 32, 1876, 10.1088/0022-3727/32/15/316
Dibeler, 1961, Mass spectrometric study of cyanogen and cyanoacetylenes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 83, 1813, 10.1021/ja01469a011
Ellison, 1978, An experimental determination of the geometry and electron affinity of methyl radical, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 100, 2556, 10.1021/ja00476a054
Ervin, 1990, Bond strengths of ethylene and acetylene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 5750, 10.1021/ja00171a013
Fedor, 2006, Fragmentation of transient water anions following low-energy electron capture by H2O/D2O, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 39, 3935, 10.1088/0953-4075/39/18/022
Fehsenfeld, 1975, Interaction between ions and molecules
Fehsenfeld, 1973, Thermal energy reactions of negative ions with H atoms in the gas phase, J. Chem. Phys., 58, 5841, 10.1063/1.1679215
Flasar, 2005, Titan's atmospheric temperatures, winds, and composition, Science, 308, 975, 10.1126/science.1111150
Gal, 2001, Acidity trends in α,β-unsaturated alkanes, silanes, germanes, and stannanes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 6353, 10.1021/ja004079j
Galand, 1999, The ionosphere of Titan: ideal diurnal and nocturnal cases, Icarus, 140, 92, 10.1006/icar.1999.6113
Galand, 2006, Electron temperature of Titan's sunlit ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21101, 10.1029/2006GL027488
Graupner, 2006, Dissociative electron attachment to HCCCN, New J. Phys., 8, 117, 10.1088/1367-2630/8/7/117
Gunion, 1992, Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of the phenide, benzyl, and phenoxide anions, with ab initio calculations, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 117, 601, 10.1016/0168-1176(92)80115-H
Hartle, 2006, Initial interpretation of Titan plasma interactions as observed by the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer: comparisons with Voyager 1. Planet, Space Sci., 54, 1211, 10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.029
Haxton, 2007, Dissociative electron attachment to the H2O molecule. II. Nuclear dynamics on coupled electronic surfaces within the local complex potential model, Phys. Rev. A, 75, 012711, 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.012711
Heni, 1986, Electron attachment by saturated nitriles, acrylonitrile (C2H3CN) and benzonitrile (C6H5CN), Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Process., 73, 127, 10.1016/0168-1176(86)80014-3
Herbst, 2008, Calculations of the formation rates and mechanisms for CnH anions in interstellar and circumstellar media, Astrophys. J., 679, 1670, 10.1086/587803
Hickman, 1979, Approximate scaling formula for ion–ion mutual neutralization rates, J. Chem. Phys., 70, 4872, 10.1063/1.437364
Hotop, 1985, Binding energies in atomic negative ions: II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 731, 10.1063/1.555735
Howard, 1974, Negative ion–molecule reactions with atomic hydrogen in the gas phase at 296 °K, J. Chem. Phys., 60, 5086, 10.1063/1.1681027
Howling, 1994, Time-resolved measurements of highly polymerized negative ions in radio frequency silane plasma deposition experiments, J. Appl. Phys., 75, 1340, 10.1063/1.356413
Hörst, 2008, The origin of oxygen species in Titan's atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 113, E10006, 10.1029/2008JE003135
Inoue, 1966, Ions négatifs formés dans le cyanogène et l’acide cyanhydrique, J. Chim. Phys. Physico-Chim. Biol., 63, 1061, 10.1051/jcp/1966631061
Kass, 1985, Gas phase ion chemistry of azides. The generation of CHN− and CH2NCH2−, J. Org. Chem., 50, 2874, 10.1021/jo00216a014
Kim, 2000, 543
Krimigis, 2005, Dynamics of Saturn's magnetosphere from MIMI during Cassini's orbital insertion, Science, 307, 1270, 10.1126/science.1105978
Lara, 1996, Vertical distribution of Titan's atmospheric neutral constituents, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23261, 10.1029/96JE02036
Lavvas, 2008, Coupling photochemistry with haze formation in Titan's atmosphere. Part I: Model description, Planet. Space Sci., 56, 27, 10.1016/j.pss.2007.05.026
Lavvas, 2008, Coupling photochemistry with haze formation in Titan's atmosphere. Part II: Results and validation with Cassini/Huygens data, Planet. Space Sci., 56, 67, 10.1016/j.pss.2007.05.027
Lavvas, 2009, The detached haze layer in Titan's mesosphere, Icarus, 201, 626, 10.1016/j.icarus.2009.01.004
Lebonnois, 2002, Transition from gaseous compounds to aerosols in Titan's atmosphere, Icarus, 159, 505, 10.1006/icar.2002.6943
Leopold, 1985, Methylene: a study of the X 3B1 and ã 1A1 states by photoelectron spectroscopy of CH2− and CD2−, J. Chem. Phys., 83, 4849, 10.1063/1.449746
Lequeux, 2005
Linder, D.R., Coates, A.J., 8 colleagues, 1998. The Cassini CAPS electron spectrometer. In: Pfaff, R.E., et al. (Eds.), Measurement Techniques in Space Plasmas: Particles. AGU Geophysical Monograph, pp. 257–262.
Mackay, 1976, Rate constant at 297K for proton-transfer reactions with hydrocyanic acid and acetonitrile. Comparisons with classical theories and exothermicity, J. Phys. Chem., 80, 2919, 10.1021/j100567a019
Mackay, 1977, Rate constants at 297K for proton-transfer reactions with C2H2: an assessment of the average quadrupole orientation theory, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 24, 125, 10.1016/0020-7381(77)80020-X
McCarthy, 2006, Laboratory and astronomical identification of the negative molecular ion C6H−, Astrophys. J., 652, L141, 10.1086/510238
Millar, 2007, Hydrocarbon anions in interstellar clouds and circumstellar envelopes, Astrophys. J., 662, L87, 10.1086/519376
Mitsuke, 1991, Negative-ion mass spectrometric study of ion-pair formation in the vacuum ultraviolet. IV. CH4→H−+CH3+ and CD4→D−+CD3+, J. Chem. Phys., 94, 6003, 10.1063/1.460435
Molina-Cuberos, 2000, Influence of electrophilic species on the lower ionosphere of Titan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1351, 10.1029/1999GL010771
Moran, 1987, Carbanion spectroscopy: cyanomethide anion (CH2CN−), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 5996, 10.1021/ja00254a018
Oertel, 1980, Ion pair formation from photon irradiation of O2, NO and CO in 17–30eV, Chem. Phys., 46, 251, 10.1016/0301-0104(80)85201-3
Perrin, 1994, Possible routes for cluster growth and particle formation in RF silane discharges, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 3, 252, 10.1088/0963-0252/3/3/003
Petrie, 1996, Novel pathways to CN− within interstellar clouds and circumstellar envelopes: implications for IS and CS chemistry, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 281, 137, 10.1093/mnras/281.1.137
Petrie, 1997, Some interstellar reactions involving electrons and neutral species: Attachment and isomerization, Astrophys. J., 491, 210, 10.1086/304941
Raksit, 1983, An experimental study of the influence of hydration on the reactivity of the hydroxide anion in the gas phase at room temperature, Can. J. Chem., 61, 1683, 10.1139/v83-287
Rapp, 1965, Total cross sections for ionization and attachment in gases by electron impact. II. Negative-ion formation, J. Chem. Phys., 43, 1480, 10.1063/1.1696958
Remijan, 2007, Detection of C8H− and comparison with C8H toward IRC +10216, Astrophys. J., 664, L47, 10.1086/520704
Ruscic, 1990, Photoion-pair formation and photoelectron-induced dissociative attachment in C2H2: D0(HCC-H), J. Chem. Phys., 93, 5586, 10.1063/1.459629
Rutkowski, 1980, Investigation of the inelastic interaction of slow monoenergetic electrons with simple hydrocarbon molecules, Ann. Phys., 7, 259
Sailer, 2003, Low energy electron attachment to CH3CN, Chem. Phys. Lett., 381, 216, 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.09.118
Sharp, 1967, Isotope effects in dissociative attachment of electrons in methane, J. Chem. Phys., 46, 1530, 10.1063/1.1840885
Shiell, 2000, Threshold ion-pair production spectroscopy (TIPPS) of H2 and D2, Faraday Discuss., 115, 331, 10.1039/a909428h
Smith, 1978, Mutual neutralization of simple and clustered positive and negative ions, J. Chem. Phys., 68, 1224, 10.1063/1.435842
Smith, 2006, The temperature-dependence of rapid low temperature reactions: experiment, understanding and prediction, Faraday Discuss., 133, 137, 10.1039/b600721j
Stamatovic, 1970, Dissociative attachment in CO and formation of C−, J. Chem. Phys., 53, 2663, 10.1063/1.1674387
Taft, 1988, Regarding the inherent dependence of resonance effects of strongly conjugated substituents on electron demand, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110, 1797, 10.1021/ja00214a023
Taylor, 1998, Photoelectron spectra of the C2nH− (n=1–4) and C2nD− (n=1–3) anions, J. Chem. Phys., 108, 10018, 10.1063/1.476462
Teanby, 2006, Latitudinal variations of HCN, HC3N, and C2N2 in Titan's stratosphere derived from Cassini CIRS data, Icarus, 181, 243, 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.11.008
Thaddeus, 2008, Laboratory and astronomical detection of the negative molecular ion C3N−, Astrophys. J., 677, 1132, 10.1086/528947
Toublanc, 1995, Photochemical modeling of Titan's atmosphere, Icarus, 113, 2, 10.1006/icar.1995.1002
Tsuda, 1973, Measurement of negative ions formed by electron impact. IX. Negative ion mass spectra and ionization efficiency curves of negative ions of m/e 25, 26, 27, 38, 39, 40 and 50 from acrylonitrile, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 46, 2273, 10.1246/bcsj.46.2273
Viggiano, 1983, Temperature dependence of associative detachment reactions, J. Chem. Phys., 79, 2241, 10.1063/1.446073
Vinatier, 2007, Vertical abundance profiles of hydrocarbons in Titan's atmosphere at 15°S and 80°N retrieved from Cassini/CIRS spectra, Icarus, 188, 120, 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.10.031
Vuitton, 2006, The nitrogen chemistry of Titan's upper atmosphere revealed, Astrophys. J., 647, L175, 10.1086/507467
Vuitton, 2008, Formation and distribution of benzene on Titan, J. Geophys. Res., 113, E05007, 10.1029/2007JE002997
Vuitton, 2007, Ion chemistry and N-containing molecules in Titan's upper atmosphere, Icarus, 191, 722, 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.06.023
Waite, 2007, The process of tholin formation in Titan's upper atmosphere, Science, 316, 870, 10.1126/science.1139727
Wilson, 2003, Chemical sources of haze formation in Titan's atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 51, 1017, 10.1016/j.pss.2003.06.003
Woods, 2008, Recent advances in the observations and modeling of the solar ultraviolet and X-ray spectral irradiance, Adv. Space Res., 42, 895, 10.1016/j.asr.2007.09.026
Woods, 2005, Solar EUV Experiment (SEE): Mission overview and first results, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A01312, 10.1029/2004JA010765
Yelle, 2006, The vertical structure of Titan's upper atmosphere from Cassini Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer measurements, Icarus, 182, 567, 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.029
Young, 2004, Cassini plasma spectrometer investigation, Space Sci. Rev., 114, 1, 10.1007/s11214-004-1406-4