Necessary factors in psychotherapy: A model for understanding iatrogenic disturbances
Tóm tắt
Psychotherapy is conceptualized within a phenomenoiogical framework as a relationship with a focus. Both these factors, the relationship and the focus, are examined as necessary factors for the creation of the therapeutic alliance which is seen as a sufficient condition for intrapsychic change. The proper balancing of the two necessary factors is seen as essential for a therapeutic alliance to evolve. The relationship factor is described in existential terms as a special form of the “I-Thou” encounter, while the focus factor is examined as part of the diagnostic aspect of psychotherapy. Iatrogenic distortions in psychotherapy are discussed in terms of distortions in the necessary factors-the focus and relationship. Four types of iatrogenic distortions are described: (1) overemphasis of the relationship and focus, (2) underemphasis of the relationship and focus, (3) overemphasis of the relationship and underemphasis of the focus and (4) underemphasis of the relationship and overemphasis of the focus.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Balint, M. (1968).The basic fault. London: Tavistock Publications.
Binswanger, L. (1963).Being-in-the-world: selected papers. New York: Basic Books.
Brice, C.W. (1984). Buber's theory and object-relations theory.Psychiatry, 47, 102–123.
Buber, M. (1970).I and thou. Translated by W. Kaufman. New York: Schribner.
Crown, S. (1983). Contraindications and dangers of psychotherapy.British Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 436–441.
Fairbairn, W.R.D. (1954).An object-relations theory of the personality. New York: Basic Books.
Greenson, R. (1970).The technique and practice of psychoanalysis. New York: International Universities Press.
Gruenbaum, H. (1986). Harmful psychotherapy experience.American Journal of Psychotherapy, 40, 165–176.
Guntrip, H. (1969).Schizoid phenomena, objects relations and the self. New York: International Universities Press.
Heron, W.G. & Roslin, S. (1984).Issues in psychotherapy-volume I. Washington D.C.: Oryn Publications.
Kierkegaard, S. (1944).Either/or. Princeton University Press.
Laing, R.D. (1969).The Divided Self. New York: Pantheon.
Laing, R.D. (1969).Self and Others, harmondsworth Enland: Penguin.
Langs, R.J. (1973).The Technique of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Vol 1. New York: Jason Aronson.
Marmor, J. (1985). Biologic psychiatry and the psychosomatic approach.Psychosomatics, 26, 478.
Nietzsche, F. (1967).The will to power. Edited by W. Kaufman. New York: Random House.
Resnick, R.B. & Resnick, E.B. (1984). Cocaine abuse and its treatment. In C.R. Lake (Ed.)The Psychiatric Clinics of North America: Clinical Psychopharmacology II. (pp. 726–727) Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Sartre, J.P. (1957).Existentialism and human emotion. New York: Philosophical Library.