Nature experience promotes preference for and willingness to coexist with wild animals among urban and suburban residents in Malaysia
Tóm tắt
A decline in direct experience with nature can lead to disaffection of natural environments, wildlife, and public indifference towards biodiversity conservation. This study measured on affective attitude towards wildlife (i.e., preferences for and willingness to coexist with 22 animal species) and examined the relationships between these attitudes and childhood experiences with nature. A face to face interview was carried out in rapidly urbanizing Malaysia for both urban and suburban 357 adults (age > 20 years old). It found that Malaysian people liked several insects and squirrels, but disliked mammals generally. Mediation analysis, with controlling sociodemographic factors (gender, age and ethnicity), showed that childhood nature experience was positively associated with preference for wild animals (standardized path coefficient = 0.18; p < 0.001), and the preference had a strong correlation with willingness to coexistence (standardized path coefficient = 0.61; p < 0.001) with the animals. Childhood nature experience, however, had limited effects on willingness to coexist with the animals via the preference, particularly for unfavourable animals. These results suggest that preference and willingness scores, even though they were significantly correlated, were different sides of affective attitudes toward animals. Therefore, to promote biodiversity conservation programs, we need strategies to increase acceptance of wild animals via relevant environmental education and public communication, as well as opportunities for nature activities for children.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abdullah SA, Nakagoshi N (2006) Changes in landscape spatial pattern in the highly developing state of Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. Landsc Urban Plan 77(3):263–275
Amel E, Manning C, Scoot B, Koger S (2017) Beyond the roots of human inaction: fostering collective effort toward ecosystem conservation. Science 356:275–279
Baharuddin ZM, Karuppannan S, Sivam A (2013) Environmental attitude: values on urban wildlife. Edinb Archit Res J 33:25–46
Ballouard JM, Provost G, Barre D, Bonnet X (2012) Influence of a field trip on the attitude of schoolchildren toward unpopular organisms: an experience with snakes. J Herpetol 46:423–428
Bencin H, Kioko J, Kiffner C (2016) Local people’s perceptions of wildlife species in two distinct landscapes of northern Tanzania. J Nat Conserv 34:82–92
Bjerke T, Østdahl T (2004) Animal-related attitudes and activities in an urban population. Anthrozoös 17(2):109–129
Dearborn DC, Kark S (2009) Motivations for conserving urban biodiversity. Conserv Biol 24(2):432–440
Department of Wildlife and National Parks. (2015). Annual report. Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN), Peninsular Malaysia, Malaysia
Dickman AJ (2010) Complexities of conflict: the importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human-wildlife conflict. Anim Conserv 13:458–466
Evers H-D (1977) The culture of Malaysian urbanization: Malay and Chinese conceptions of space. Urban Anthropol 6(3):205–216
Global Diversity Outlook. (2001). Secretariat of the convention on biological diversity, Montreal
Gunnthorsdottir A (2001) Physical attractiveness of an animal species as a decision factor for its preservation. Anthrozoös 14(4):204–215
Herzog H (2007) Gender differences in human-animal interactions: a review. Anthrozoös 20(1):7–21
Hogue CL (1987) Cultural entomology. Annu Rev Entomol 32:181–199
Hosaka T, Numata S (2016) Spatiotemporal dynamics of urban green spaces and human-wildlife conflicts in Tokyo. Sci Rep 6:30911
Hosaka T, Sugimoto K, Numata S (2017) Effects of childhood experience with nature on tolerance of urban residents toward hornets and wild boars in Japan. PLoS One 12(4):e0175243
Hosaka T, Sugimoto K, Numata S (2017b) Childhood experience of nature influences the willingness to coexist with biodiversity in cities. Palgrave Commun 3:17071
Hudenko, H.W., Siemer, W.F., & Decker, D.J. (2010). Urban carnivore conservation and management: the human dimension. In S.D. Gehrt, S.P.D Riley, B.L. Cypher (Eds.), Urban carnivores: ecology, conflict, and conservation. (pp. 21–33). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Jenks KE, Songsasen N, Kanchanasaka B, Leimgruber P, Fuller TK (2014) Local people’s attitudes and perceptions of dholes (Cuon alpinus) around protected areas in southeastern Thailand. Trop Conserv Sci 7:765–780
Kaltenborn BP, Bjerke T, Nyahongo JW, Williams DR (2006) Animal preferences and acceptability of wildlife management actions around Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Biodivers Conserv 15(14):4633–4649
Kansky R, Knight AT (2014) Key factors driving attitudes towards large mammals in conflict with humans. Biol Conserv 179:93–105.
Karuppannan S, Baharuddin ZM, Sivam A, Daniels CB (2014) Urban green space and urban biodiversity: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Sustain Dev 7(1):1–16
Kawahara AY, Pyle RM (2013) An appreciation for the natural world through collecting, owing and observing insects. In: Lemelin RH (ed) The management of insects in recreation and tourism. Cambridge University Press, New York
Kellert SR (1984) American attitudes toward and knowledge of animals: an update. In: Fox MW, Mickley LD (eds) Advances in animal welfare science 1984/85. The Humane Society of the United States, Washington, DC, pp 177–213
Kellert SR (1993) Values and perceptions of invertebrates. Conserv Biol 7:845–855
Kellert SR (1996) The value of life; biodiversity and human society. Island Press, Washington DC
Kellert SR, Berry JK (1987) Attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors toward wildlife as affected by gender. Wildl Soc Bull 15(3):363–371
Kellert SR, Black M, Rush CR, Bath AJ (1996) Human culture and large carnivore conservation in North America. Conserv Biol 10(4):977–990
Kellert SR, Wilson EO (1993) The biophilia hypothesis. Island Press, Washington (DC)
Lindsey PA, Du Toit JT, Mills MGL (2005) Attitudes of ranchers towards African wild dogs Lycaon pictus: conservation implications on private land. Biol Conserv 125(1):113–121
Martin-Lopez B, Montes C, Benayas J (2007) The non-economic motives behind the willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation. Biol Conserv 39:67–82
Miller JR (2005) Biodiversity conservaton and the extinction of experience. Trends Ecol Evol 20(8):430–434
Mir ZR, Noor A, Habib B, Veeraswami GG (2015) Attitudes of local people toward wildlife conservation: a case study from the Kashmir Valley. Mt Res Dev 35(4):392–400
Nabhan GP, St Antoine S (1993) The loss of floral and faunal story: the extinction of experience. In: Kellert S, Wilson EO (eds) The biophilia hypothesis. Island Press, Washington, DC
Nada B, Kirton LG (2004) The secret life of fireflies. IRBM Updates 3(December 2004):2–4
Nik Mohamad NH (2011) Urban residents’ attitudes toward wildlife in their neighbourhoods: the case study of Klang Valley, Malaysia. J Malays Inst Plann 9:19–36
Norris K, Pain DJ (2002) Conserving bird biodiversity: general principles and their application. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Prokop P, Tunnicliffe SD (2010) Effects of having pets at home on children’s attitudes toward popular and unpopular animals. Anthrozoös 23(1):21–35
Rosseel Y (2012) Lavaan: an R package for structural equation modelling. J Stat Softw 48:1–36
Sakurai R, Jacobson SK, Ueda G (2014) Public perceptions of significant wildlife in Hyogo, Japan. Hum Dimens Wildl 19:88–95
Schlegel J, Rupf R (2010) Attitudes towards potential animal flagship species in nature conservation: a survey among students of different educational institutions. J Nat Conserv 18(4):278–290
Siemer WF, Hart PS, Decker DJ, Shanahan JE (2009) Factors that influence concern about human–black bear interactions in residential settings. Hum Dimens Wildl 14:185–197
Soga M, Gaston K, Yamaura Y, Kurisu K, Hanaki K (2016) Both direct and vicarious experiences of nature affect children’s willingness to conserve biodiversity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13(529):1–12
Soga M, Gaston KJ (2016) Extinction of experience: the loss of human-nature interactions. Front Ecol Environ 2:94–101
Soulsbury CD, White PC (2016) Human–wildlife interactions in urban areas: a review of conflicts, benefits and opportunities. Wildl Res 42:541–553
Sreetheran M, Philip E, Adnan M, Siti Zakiah M (2006) A historical perspective of urban tree planting in Malaysia. Unasylva 57(223):28–33
Taylor N, Signal TD (2005) Empathy and attitudes to animals. Anthrozoös 18(1):18–27
Tomazic I (2011) Reported experiences enhance favorable attitudes toward toads. Eurasia J Math Sci Technol Educ 7:253–262
Traditional games in Malaysia. (2016). http://traditionalgamescct.blogspot.my/2013/03/introduction-of-traditional-games.html. Accessed 08 10 2016
Vincent JR, Hadi Y (1993) In sustainable agriculture and the environment in the humid tropics. In: National Research Council (ed) Malaysia. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C
Yaakob U, Masron T, Masami F (2010) Ninety years of urbanization in Malaysia: a geographical investigation of its trends and characteristics. J Ritsumeikan Soc Sci Humanit 4(3):79–101
Zainuddin A (2015) SEM made simple: a gentle approach of learning Structural Equation Modeling. MPWS Rich Publication, Bangi
Zhang W, Goodale E, Chen J (2014) How contact with nature affects children’s biophilia, biophobia and conservation attitude in China. Biol Conserv 177:109–116