Native T1 Relaxation Time and Extracellular Volume Fraction as Accurate Markers of Diffuse Myocardial Fibrosis in Heart Valve Disease – Comparison With Targeted Left Ventricular Myocardial Biopsy –

1. Catalano O, Moro G, Perotti M, Frascaroli M, Ceresa M, Antonaci S, et al. Late gadolinium enhancement by cardiovascular magnetic resonance is complementary to left ventricle ejection fraction in predicting prognosis of patients with stable coronary artery disease. <i>J Cardiovasc Magn Reson</i> 2012; 14: 29.

2. Gulati A, Jabbour A, Ismail TF, Guha K, Khwaja J, Raza S, et al. Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. <i>JAMA</i> 2013; 309: 896–908.

3. Leyva F, Taylor RJ, Foley PW, Umar F, Mulligan LJ, Patel K, et al. Left ventricular midwall fibrosis as a predictor of mortality and morbidity after cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. <i>J Am Coll Cardiol</i> 2012; 60: 1659–1667.

4. Fujita T, Konno T, Yokawa J, Masuta E, Nagata Y, Fujino N, et al. Increased extent of myocardial fibrosis in genotyped hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. <i>J Cardiol</i> 2015; 66: 63–68.

5. Mehrotra AK, Callans D. Role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the management and treatment of ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart disease. <i>Circ J</i> 2015; 79: 1656–1661.

6. Martos R, Baugh J, Ledwidge M, O’Loughlin C, Conlon C, Patle A, et al. Diastolic heart failure: Evidence of increased myocardial collagen turnover linked to diastolic dysfunction. <i>Circulation</i> 2000; 115: 888–895.

7. Mewton N, Liu CY, Croisille P, Bluemke D, Lima JA. Assessment of myocardial fibrosis with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. <i>J Am Coll Cardiol</i> 2011; 57: 891–903.

8. Villari B, Campbell SE, Hess OM, Mall G, Vassalli G, Weber KT, et al. Influence of collagen network on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in aortic valve disease. <i>J Am Coll Cardiol</i> 1993; 22: 1477–1484.

9. Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F, Antunes MJ, Baron-Esquivias G, Baumgartner H, et al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012): The Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). <i>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</i> 2012; 42: S1–S44.

10. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Guyton RA, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: Executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. <i>Circulation</i> 2014; 129: 2440–2492.

11. Dweck MR, Boon NA, Newby DE. Calcific aortic stenosis: A disease of the valve and the myocardium. <i>J Am Coll Cardiol</i> 2012; 60: 1854–1863.

12. Hein S, Arnon E, Kostin S, Schonburg M, Elsasser A, Polyakova V, et al. Progression from compensated hypertrophy to failure in the pressure-overloaded human heart: Structural deterioration and compensatory mechanisms. <i>Circulation</i> 2003; 107: 984–991.

13. Hess OM, Ritter M, Schneider J, Grimm J, Turina M, Krayenbuehl HP. Diastolic stiffness and myocardial structure in aortic valve disease before and after valve replacement. <i>Circulation</i> 1984; 69: 855–865.

14. Flett AS, Hayward MP, Ashworth MT, Hansen MS, Taylor AM, Elliott PM, et al. Equilibrium contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the measurement of diffuse myocardial fibrosis: Preliminary validation in humans. <i>Circulation</i> 2010; 122: 138–144.

15. Kellman P, Hansen MS. T1-mapping in the heart: Accuracy and precision. <i>J Cardiovasc Magn Reson</i> 2014; 16: 2.

16. Messroghli DR, Radjenovic A, Kozerke S, Higgins DM, Sivananthan MU, Ridgway JP. Modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) for high-resolution T1 mapping of the heart. <i>Magn Reson Med</i> 2004; 52: 141–146.

17. Bulluck H, Maestrini V, Rosmini S, Abdel-Gadir A, Treibel TA, Castelletti S, et al. Myocardial T1 mapping. <i>Circ J</i> 2015; 79: 487–494.

18. Kellman P, Wilson JR, Xue H, Bandettini WP, Shanbhag SM, Druey KM, et al. Extracellular volume fraction mapping in the myocardium. Part 2: Initial clinical experience. <i>J Cardiovasc Magn Reson</i> 2012; 14: 64.

19. Messroghli DR, Plein S, Higgins DM, Walters K, Jones TR, Ridgway JP, et al. Human myocardium: Single-breath-hold MR T1 mapping with high spatial resolution: Reproducibility study. <i>Radiology</i> 2006; 238: 1004–1012.

20. Messroghli DR, Walters K, Plein S, Sparrow P, Friedrich MG, Ridgway JP, et al. Myocardial T1 mapping: Application to patients with acute and chronic myocardial infarction. <i>Magn Reson Med</i> 2007; 58: 34–40.

21. Lee SP, Lee W, Lee JM, Park EA, Kim HK, Kim YJ, et al. Assessment of diffuse myocardial fibrosis by using MR imaging in asymptomatic patients with aortic stenosis. <i>Radiology</i> 2015; 274: 359–369.

22. de Meester de Ravenstein C, Bouzin C, Lazam S, Boulif J, Amzulescu M, Melchior J, et al. Histological Validation of measurement of diffuse interstitial myocardial fibrosis by myocardial extravascular volume fraction from Modified Look-Locker imaging (MOLLI) T1 mapping at 3 T. <i>J Cardiovasc Magn Reson</i> 2015; 17: 48.

23. Messroghli DR, Rudolph A, Abdel-Aty H, Wassmuth R, Kuhne T, Dietz R, et al. An open-source software tool for the generation of relaxation time maps in magnetic resonance imaging. <i>BMC Med Imaging</i> 2010; 10: 16.

24. Ugander M, Oki AJ, Hsu LY, Kellman P, Greiser A, Aletras AH, et al. Extracellular volume imaging by magnetic resonance imaging provides insights into overt and sub-clinical myocardial pathology. <i>Eur Heart J</i> 2012; 33: 1268–1278.

25. Hadi AM, Mouchaers KT, Schalij I, Grunberg K, Meijer GA, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, et al. Rapid quantification of myocardial fibrosis: A new macro-based automated analysis. <i>Cellular oncology</i> 2011; 34: 343–354.

26. Whittaker P, Kloner RA, Boughner DR, Pickering JG. Quantitative assessment of myocardial collagen with picrosirius red staining and circularly polarized light. <i>Basic Res Cardiol</i> 1994; 89: 397–410.

27. Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. <i>Nat Methods</i> 2012; 9: 671–675.

28. Creemers EE, Pinto YM. Molecular mechanisms that control interstitial fibrosis in the pressure-overloaded heart. <i>Cardiovasc Res</i> 2011; 89: 265–272.

29. Lopez B, Gonzalez A, Varo N, Laviades C, Querejeta R, Diez J. Biochemical assessment of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease. <i>Hypertension</i> 2001; 38: 1222–1226.

30. Borer JS, Truter S, Herrold EM, Falcone DJ, Pena M, Carter JN, et al. Myocardial fibrosis in chronic aortic regurgitation: Molecular and cellular responses to volume overload. <i>Circulation</i> 2002; 105: 1837–1842.

31. Bull S, White SK, Piechnik SK, Flett AS, Ferreira VM, Loudon M, et al. Human non-contrast T1 values and correlation with histology in diffuse fibrosis. <i>Heart</i> 2013; 99: 932–937.

32. Flett AS, Sado DM, Quarta G, Mirabel M, Pellerin D, Herrey AS, et al. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis in severe aortic stenosis: An equilibrium contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. <i>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</i> 2012; 13: 819–826.

33. Boluyt MO, Bing OH. Matrix gene expression and decompensated heart failure: The aged SHR model. <i>Cardiovasc Res</i> 2000; 46: 239–249.

34. Azevedo CF, Nigri M, Higuchi ML, Pomerantzeff PM, Spina GS, Sampaio RO, et al. Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis quantification by histopathology and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with severe aortic valve disease. <i>J Am Coll Cardiol</i> 2010; 56: 278–287.

35. Heymans S, Schroen B, Vermeersch P, Milting H, Gao F, Kassner A, et al. Increased cardiac expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 is related to cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction in the chronic pressure-overloaded human heart. <i>Circulation</i> 2005; 112: 1136–1144.

36. Krayenbuehl HP, Hess OM, Monrad ES, Schneider J, Mall G, Turina M. Left ventricular myocardial structure in aortic valve disease before, intermediate, and late after aortic valve replacement. <i>Circulation</i> 1989; 79: 744–755.

37. Diez J, Querejeta R, Lopez B, Gonzalez A, Larman M, Martinez Ubago JL. Losartan-dependent regression of myocardial fibrosis is associated with reduction of left ventricular chamber stiffness in hypertensive patients. <i>Circulation</i> 2002; 105: 2512–2517.

38. Gaudino M, Alessandrini F, Glieca F, Luciani N, Cellini C, Pragliola C, et al. Survival after aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis: Does left ventricular mass regression have a clinical correlate? <i>Eur Heart J</i> 2005; 26: 51–57.

39. From AM, Maleszewski JJ, Rihal CS. Current status of endomyocardial biopsy. <i>Mayo Clin Proc</i> 2011; 86: 1095–1102.

40. Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A, Chen EL, Parker MA, Simonetti O, et al. The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. <i>N Engl J Med</i> 2000; 343: 1445–1453.

41. Weidemann F, Herrmann S, Stork S, Niemann M, Frantz S, Lange V, et al. Impact of myocardial fibrosis in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. <i>Circulation</i> 2009; 120: 577–584.

42. Kitamura M, Shimizu M, Ino H, Okeie K, Yamaguchi M, Funjno N, et al. Collagen remodeling and cardiac dysfunction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: The significance of type III and VI collagens. <i>Clin Cardiol</i> 2001; 24: 325–329.

43. Sugihara N, Genda A, Shimizu M, Suematu T, Kita Y, Horita Y, et al. Quantitation of myocardial fibrosis and its relation to function in essential hypertension and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. <i>Clin Cardiol</i> 1988; 11: 771–778.