National and sub-national trends of salt intake in Iranians from 2000 to 2016: a systematic analysis

Archives of Public Health - Tập 80 - Trang 1-12 - 2022
Ali Gholami1,2, Ali Ghanbari3, Shahabeddin Rezaei3, Hamid Reza Baradaran2,4, Shahab Khatibzadeh5, Mahboubeh Parsaeian6, Mitra Hariri1, Negar Zamaninour7, Ali Sheidaei6, Morteza Abdollahi8, Parvin Mirmiran9, Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan10, Afshin Ostovar11, Noushin Mohammadifard12, Alireza Khosravi13, Seyedeh Mahdieh Namayandeh14, Farshad Farzadfar3,15
1Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
2Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Team, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
5The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, USA
6Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
7Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
8Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
9Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
10Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
11Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
12Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
13Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
14Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Diseases, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
15Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Tóm tắt

One fifth of the global burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in 2017 was attributable to excessive salt intake. As a member of the World Health Organization (WHO), Iran has committed itself to a 30% reduction in salt intake by 2025. Evidence on the amount and trend of salt intake among the Iranian population at national and sub-national levels is scarce. This study aimed to estimate the Iranian population’s salt intake during 2000–2016 at the national and sub-national levels, by sex and age groups. Data on national and sub-national mean salt intake was obtained through systematically searching the literature and contacting the research studies’ principal investigators. Data collected through various methods were harmonized using the cross-walk method. Bayesian hierarchical and spatio-temporal-age regression models and simulation analysis were used to estimate the mean salt intake and its uncertainty interval across sex, age, year, and province. National age-sex standardized mean salt intake decreased from 10·53 g/day (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 10·2 to 10·9) in 2000 to 9·41 (9·2 to 10·6) in 2016 (percent change: − 9·8% [− 21·1–3·1]). The age-standardized mean salt intake in women had decreased from 9·8 g/day (95% UI: 9·0–10·6) in 2000 to 9·1 g/day (8·6–9·7) in 2016 (percent change: − 6·6% [− 19·0–7·9]). The same measure in men was 11·1 g/day in 2000 (95% UI: 10·3–11·8) and 9·7 g/day (9·1–10·2) in 2016 (percent change: − 12·7% [− 23·0 – -0·9]). Age-sex standardized mean salt intake at the sub-national level in 2016 varied from 8·0 (95% UI: 7·0–9·0) to 10·5 (10·0–11·1). The difference between the provinces with the highest and the lowest levels of salt intake in 2016 was 31·3%. Salt intake decreased in Iran from 2000 to 2016, while persistently exceeding the recommended values. This declining trend was more pronounced between 2010 and 2016, which might be attributed to Iran’s compliance to WHO’s Action Plan for reducing NCDs.

Tài liệu tham khảo

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