Naltrexone improves learning and attention in self-injurious individuals with developmental disabilities

Aigner, T. G., and Mishkin, M. (1988). Improved recognition memory in monkeys following naloxone administration.Psychopharmacology 94: 21–23. Arnsten, A. F. T., Segal, D. S., Nevill, H. B., Hilliard, S. A., Janowski, D. S., Judd, L. L., and Bloom, F. S. (1983). Natoxone augments electrophysiological signs of selective attention in man.Nature (London) 304: 725–727. Barrett, R. P., Feinstein, C., and Hole, W. T. (1989). Effects of Naloxone and Naltrexone on self-injury: A double blind, placebo-controlled analysis.Am. J. Ment. Retard. 93: 644–651. Barron, J. L., and Sandman, C. A. (1984). Self-injurious behavior and stereotypy in institutionalized mentally retarded population.Appl. Res. Ment. Retard. 5: 499–511. Barron, J. L., and Sandman, C. A. (1985). Paradoxical excitement to sedative-hypnotics in mentally retarded clients.Am. J. Ment. Def. 2: 124–129. Bernstein, G. A., Hughes, J. R., Mitchell, J. E., and Thompson, T. (1987). Effects of narcotic antagonists on self-injurious behavior: A single case study.J. Am. Acad. Child. Adol. Psychiat. 26: 886–889. Botticelli, L. J., and Wurtman, R. J. (1981). Choline reverses naloxone-induced decreases in hippocampal acetylcholine content and suppresses escape behavior in opiate dependent rats.Brain Res. 210: 479–484. Botticelli, L. J., and Wurtman, R. J. (1982). Septohippocampal cholinergic neurons are regulated trans-synaptically by endorphin and corticotropin neuropeptides.J. Neurosci. 2: 1316–21. Buitelaar, J. K., van Engeland, H., van Ree, J. M., and deWied, D. (1990). Behavioral effects of Org 2766, a synthetic analog of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (4–9) in 14 outpatient autistic children.J. Aut. Devel. Dis. 20: 467–478. Campbell, M., Adams, P., Small, A. M., Tesch, L. M., and Currens, E. L. (1988). Naltrexone in infantile autism.Psychopharmacol. Bull. 24: 135–139. Campbell, M., Perry, M., Small, A. M., and Green, W. H. (1987).Overview of Drug Treatment in Autism, Plenum, New York. Castellano, C. (1975). Effects of morphine and heroin on discriminate learning and consolidation in mice.Psychopharmacology 42: 291–295. Cohen, R. M., Cohen, M. R., Weingartner, H., and Murphy, D. (1983). High dose naloxone affect task performance in normal human subjects.Psychiatric Res. 8: 127–136. Davidson, P. W., Kleene, B. M., Caroll, M., and Rockwitz, R. J. (1983). Elfects of naloxone on self-injurious behavior: A case study.App. Res. Ment. Retard 4: 1–4. Flood, J. F., Cherkin, A., and Morley, J. E. (1987). Antagonism of endogenous opioids modulates memory processing.Brain Res. 422: 218–234. Gallagher, M., and Kapp, B. S. (1978). Manipulation of opiate activity in the amygdala alters memory processes.Life Sci. 23: 1973–1978. Gallagher, M., King, R. A., and Young, N. B. (1983). Opiate anatagonist improve spatial memory.Science 221: 975–976. Gillberg, C., and Terenius, L. G. (1985). Endorphin activity in childhood psychosis.Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 42: 780–783. Hackenberg, T. D., Dysken, M. W., Bakke, B. L., Vataserry, G. T., Zaiser, A., and Thompson, T. (1989).Neuroleptic treatment and mental retardation: Relations between learning, clinical response and plasma level of haloperidol, Paper presented at the Gatlinburg Conference on Research and Theory in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. Herman, B. H., Hammock, M. K., Arthur-Smith, A., Egan, J., Chatoor, I., Werner, A., and Zelnik, N. (1987). Naltrexone decreases self-injurious behavior.Ann. Neurol. 22: 550–552. Hetrick, W. P., Isenhart, R. C., Taylor, D. T., and Sandman, C. A. (1991). ODAP: A stand-alone program for observational data acquisition.Behav. Res. Methods. Instr. Comp. 1: 66–71. Hrdina, P. D., and Singhal, R. L. (1981).Neuroendocrine Regulation and Altered Behavior, Croom-Helm, London. Izquierdo, I., and Dias, R. D. (1980). Effect of ACTH, epinephrine, beta-endorphin, naloxone, and the combination of naloxone and beta-endorphin with ACTH or epinephrine on memory consolidation.Psychoneuroendocrinology 8: 81–87. Izquierdo, I., and Gradients, M. (1980). Memory facilitation by naloxone is due to release of dopaminergic and beta-adrenergic systems from tonic inhibition.Psychopharmacology 67: 265–268. Izquierdo, I., and McGaugh, J. L. (1985). Delayed onset of the amnestic effect of posttraining beta-endorphin: effect of propranolol administration administered prior to retention testing.Eur. J. Pharmacol. 113: 105–108. Kars, H., Broekema, W., Glaudemans-van Gelderen, I., Verhoeven, W. M., and van Ree, J. M. (1990). Naltrexone attenuates self-injurious behavior in mentally retarded subjects.Biol. Psychiatry 17: 741–746. Kastin, A. J., Olson, R. D., Sandman, C. A., and Coy, D. H. (1981). Multiple independent actions of neuropeptides on behavior. In Martinez, J. L., Jensen, R. A., Jr., Messing, R. B., Ritter, H., and McGaugh, J. L. (eds.),Endogenous Peptides and Learning and Memory Processes, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, pp. 563–577. McEvoy, G. (1990).AHFS drug information. American Hospital Society of Hospital Pharmacist, Bethesda MD. McGaugh, J. L., Ines, B. I.-C., and Nagahara, A. (1988). Memory-enhancing effects of post-training naloxone: Involvement of Beta-noradrenergic influences in the amygdaloid complex.Brain Res. 446: 37–49. Morley, J. E., Barenetsky, H. G., Wengert, T. D., Hershman, H. E., Melmed, J. M., Levin, S. R., Jamison, K., Weitzman, R., Chang, J., and Vaner, A. A. (1980). Endocrine effects of naloxone-induced opiate receptor blockade.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 50: 251–257. Novelly, R. A., Schwartz, M. M., Mattson, R. H., and Cramer, J. A. (1986). Behavioral toxicity associated with antiepileptic drugs: Concepts and methods of assessment.Epilepsia 27: 52–57. Reisberg, B., Ferris, S. H., and Anand, R. (1983). Effects of naloxone in senile dementia: a double blind trial.N. Engl. J. Med. 308: 721–722. Richardson, J. S., and Zaleski, W. A. (1983). Naloxone and self-mutilation.Biol. Psychiatry, 18: 99–101. Ryan, E. P., Helsle, W. J., Lubetsky, M. J., Miewald, B. K., Hersen, M., and Bridge, J. (1989). Use of naltrexone in reducing self-injurious behavior: A single case analysis.J. Multihand. Pers. 2: 295–310. Sandman, C. A. (1988). B-endorphin disregulation in autistic and self-injurious behavior: a neurodevelopmental hypothesis.Synapse 2: 193–199. Sandman, C. A., Barron, J. L., Chicz-DeMet, A., and DeMet, E. (1990a). Plasma B-endorphin levels in patients with self-injurious behavior and stereotypy.Am. J. Ment. Retard. 95: 84–92. Sandman, C. A., Barron, J. L., and Colman, H. (1990b). An orally administered opiate blocker, naltrexone attenuates self-injurious behavior.Am. J. Ment. Retard. 95: 93–102. Sandman, C. A., Barron, J. L., Crinella, F. M., and Donnelly, J. F. (1987). Influence of naloxone on brain and behavior of a self-injurious woman.Biol. Psychiatry 22: 899–906. Sandman, C. A., Datta, P., Barron, J. L., Hoehler, F., Williams, C., and Swanson, J. (1983). Naloxone attenuates self-abusive behavior in developmentally disabled clients.Appl. Res. Ment. Retard. 4: 5–11. Sandman, C. A., George, J. M., McCanne, T. R., Nolan, J. D., Kaswan, J., and Kastin, A. J. (1977). MSH/ACTH 4-10 influences behavioral and physiological measures of attention.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 44: 884–891. Sandman, C. A., George, J., Walker, B., Nolan, J. D., and Kastin, A. J. (1976). The neuropeptide MSH/ACTH 4-10 enhances attention of the mentally retarded.Biochem. Behav. Monogr. Suppl. 5: 23–28. Sandman, C. A., and Kastin, A. J. (1981). Intraventricular administration of MSH induces hyperanalgesia in rats.Peptides 2: 231–233. Sandman, C. A., and Kastin, A. J. (1990)Neuropeptide Modulation of Development and Behavior, Plenum, New York. Sandman, C. A., Miller, L. H., Kastin, A. J., and Schally, A. V. (1972). A neuro-endocrine influence on attention and memory.J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 80: 54–58. Sandman, C. A., Walker, B. B., and Lawton, C. A. (1980). An analog of MSH/ACTH 4-9 enhances interpersonal and environmental awareness in mentally retarded adults.Peptides 1: 109–114. Sandyke, R. (1985). Naloxone abolished self injury in a mentally retarded child.Ann. Neurol. 17: 520. Swanson, J. M., and Kinsbourne, M. (1980). Food dyes impair performance of hyperactive children on a laboratory learning test.Science 207: 1485–1487. Taylor, D. V., Hetrick, W. P., Neri, C. L., Touchette, P., Barron, J. L., and Sandman, C. A. (1991). Effect of naltrexone upon self-injurious behavior, learning and activity: A case study.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 40: 79–82. Walker, B. B., and Sandman, C. A. (1979). Influence of the neuropeptide ACTH 4-9 on mentally retarded adults.Am. J. Ment. Def. 83: 346–352. Ward, M. M. Sandman, C. A., George, J. M., and Schulman, H. (1979). MSH/ACTH 4-10 in men and women: effects upon performance of an attention and memory task.Psychol. Behav. 22: 669–673.