NSAIDs and cardiovascular disease: transducing human pharmacology results into clinical read-outs in the general population

2002, Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients, BMJ, 324, 71, 10.1136/bmj.324.7329.71 Arehart, 2008, Acceleration of cardiovascular disease by a dysfunctional prostacyclin receptor mutation: potential implications for cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition, Circ Res, 102, 986, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.165936 Bombardier, 2000, Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group, N Engl J Med, 343, 1520, 10.1056/NEJM200011233432103 Bresalier, 2005, Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib in a colorectal adenoma chemoprevention trial, N Engl J Med, 352, 1092, 10.1056/NEJMoa050493 Brooks, 1999, Interpreting the clinical significance of the differential inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, Rheumatology, 38, 779, 10.1093/rheumatology/38.8.779 Cao, 2002, Many actions of cyclooxygenase-2 in cellular dynamics and in cancer, J Cell Physiol, 190, 279, 10.1002/jcp.10068 Capone, 2004, Clinical pharmacology of platelet, monocyte, and vascular cyclooxygenase inhibition by naproxen and low-dose aspirin in healthy subjects, Circulation, 109, 1468, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000124715.27937.78 Cheng, 2006, Cyclooxygenases, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1, and cardiovascular function, J Clin Invest, 116, 1391, 10.1172/JCI27540 Crofford, 1997, COX-1 and COX-2 tissue expression: implications and predictions, J Rheumatol, 49, 15 Di Francesco, 2009, Induction of prostacyclin by steady laminar shear stress suppresses tumor necrosis factor-α biosynthesis via heme oxygenase-1 in human endothelial cells, Circ Res, 104, 506, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.191114 FitzGerald, 2001, The coxibs, selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2, N Engl J Med, 345, 433, 10.1056/NEJM200108093450607 Flower, 1972, Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on prostaglandin biosynthesis, Nat New Biol, 238, 104, 10.1038/newbio238104a0 Fries, 2006, Marked interindividual variability in the response to selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2, Gastroenterology, 130, 55, 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.002 Funk, 2001, Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology, Science, 294, 1871, 10.1126/science.294.5548.1871 García Rodríguez, 2008, Role of dose potency in the prediction of risk of myocardial infarction associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the general population, J Am Coll Cardiol, 52, 1628, 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.041 Grosser, 2006, Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition: therapeutic challenges and opportunities, J Clin Invest, 116, 4, 10.1172/JCI27291 Gryglewski, 2008, Prostacyclin among prostanoids, Pharmacol Rep, 60, 3 Hernandez-Diaz, 2006, Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of acute myocardial infarction, Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 98, 266, 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_302.x Kang, 2007, Regulation of intracellular cyclooxygenase levels by gene transcription and protein degradation, Prog Lipid Res, 46, 108, 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.01.001 Kargman, 1996, Characterization of prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 in rat, dog, monkey, and human gastrointestinal tracts, Gastroenterology, 111, 445, 10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8690211 Kearney, 2006, Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials, BMJ, 332, 1302, 10.1136/bmj.332.7553.1302 Kudo, 2005, Prostaglandin E synthase, a terminal enzyme for prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis, J Biochem Mol Biol, 38, 633, 10.5483/BMBRep.2005.38.6.633 Minuz, 2006, Rapid stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation signals downstream of G-protein-coupled receptors for thromboxane A2 in human platelets, Biochem J, 400, 127, 10.1042/BJ20061015 Nussmeier, 2005, Complications of the COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after cardiac surgery, N Engl J Med, 352, 1081, 10.1056/NEJMoa050330 Ott, 2003, Efficacy and safety of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 125, 1481, 10.1016/S0022-5223(03)00125-9 Patrignani, 2008, NSAIDs and cardiovascular disease, Heart, 94, 395, 10.1136/hrt.2007.136002 Patrignani, 1994, Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of the cyclooxygenase activity of human blood prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 271, 1705 Patrono, 2008, American College of Chest Physicians: Antiplatelet drugs: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, 8th edn., Chest, 133, 199S, 10.1378/chest.08-0672 Patrono, 1980, Low dose aspirin and inhibition of thromboxane B2 production in healthy subjects, Thromb Res, 17, 317, 10.1016/0049-3848(80)90066-3 Patrono, 2001, Cyclooxygenase-selective inhibition of prostanoid formation: transducing biochemical selectivity into clinical read-outs, J Clin Invest, 108, 7, 10.1172/JCI200113418 Pulcinelli, 2005, Persistent production of thromboxane A2 in patients chronically treated with aspirin, J Thromb Haemost, 3, 2784, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01633.x Reilly, 1987, Inhibition of thromboxane formation in vivo and ex vivo: implications for therapy with platelet inhibitory drugs, Blood, 69, 180, 10.1182/blood.V69.1.180.180 Schnitzer, 2004, Comparison of lumiracoxib with naproxen and ibuprofen in the Therapeutic Arthritis Research and Gastrointestinal Event Trial (TARGET), reduction in ulcer complications: randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 364, 665, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16893-1 Smith, 2000, Cyclooxygenases: structural, cellular, and molecular biology, Annu Rev Biochem, 69, 145, 10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.145 Solomon, 2005, Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention, N Engl J Med, 352, 1071, 10.1056/NEJMoa050405 Topper, 1996, Identification of vascular endothelial genes differentially responsive to fluid mechanical stimuli: cyclooxygenase-2, manganese superoxide dismutase, and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase are selectively up-regulated by steady laminar shear stress, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 10417, 10.1073/pnas.93.19.10417 Vane, 1971, Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs, Nat New Biol, 231, 232, 10.1038/newbio231232a0 Vane, 1998, Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2, Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 38, 97, 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.38.1.97 Vane, 2001, Formation and actions of prostaglandins and inhibition of their synthesis, 1