NOx emissions by real-world fresh and old asphalt mixtures: Impact of temperature, relative humidity, and UV-irradiation

Akbari, 2003, Analyzing the land cover of an urban environment using high-resolution orthophotos, Landsc. Urban Plann., 63, 1, 10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00165-2 Alam, 2020, Interference from alkenes in chemiluminescent NOx measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5977, 10.5194/amt-13-5977-2020 Athanasopoulou, 2010, Implementation of road and soil dust emission parameterizations in the aerosol model CAMx: applications over the greater Athens urban area affected by natural sources, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D17301, 10.1029/2009JD013207 Atkinson, 2000, Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2063, 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00460-4 Barnard, 2004, An evaluation of the FAST-J photolysis algorithm for predicting nitrogen dioxide photolysis rates under clear and cloudy sky conditions, Atmos. Environ., 38, 3393, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.034 Bernard, 2013, Reaction of NO2 with selected conjugated alkenes, J. Phys. Chem. A, 117, 14132, 10.1021/jp408771r Bohn, 2005, Actinometric measurements of NO2 photolysis frequencies in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 493, 10.5194/acp-5-493-2005 Borinelli, 2020, VOC emission analysis of bitumen using proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Materials, 13, 10.3390/ma13173659 Brigante, 2008, Photoenhanced uptake of NO2 by pyrene solid films, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 39, 10.1021/jp802324g Caron, 2020, Behaviour of individual VOCs in indoor environments: how ventilation affects emission from materials, Atmos. Environ., 243, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117713 Cavallari, 2012, Predictors of airborne exposures to polycyclic aromatic compounds and total organic matter among hot-mix asphalt paving workers and influence of work conditions and practices, Ann. Occup. Hyg., 56, 138, 10.1093/annhyg/mer088 Cavallari, 2012, Temperature-dependent emission concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in paving and built-up roofing asphalts, Ann. Occup. Hyg., 56, 148 Cazoir, 2014, Heterogeneous photochemistry of gaseous NO2 on solid fluoranthene films: a source of gaseous nitrous acid (HONO) in the urban environment, J. Photoch. Photobio. A, 273, 23, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.07.016 Crowley, 2010, Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: volume V − heterogeneous reactions on solid substrates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9059, 10.5194/acp-10-9059-2010 Espinoza, 2020, Evaluation of reductions in fume emissions (VOCs and SVOCs) from warm mix asphalt incorporating natural zeolite and reclaimed asphalt pavement for sustainable pavements, Sustainability, 12, 9546, 10.3390/su12229546 Fameli, 2015, Development of a road transport emission inventory for Greece and the greater Athens area: effects of important parameters, Sci. Total Environ., 505, 770, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.015 Finlayson-Pitts, 1993, Atmospheric chemistry of tropospheric ozone formation: scientific and regulatory implications, Air Waste, 43, 1091, 10.1080/1073161X.1993.10467187 Gasthauer, 2008, Characterization of asphalt fume composition by GC/MS and effect of temperature, Fuel, 87, 1428, 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.06.025 Gratsea, 2021, Five years of spatially resolved ground-based MAX-DOAS measurements of nitrogen dioxide in the urban area of Athens: synergies with in situ measurements and model simulations, Atmosphere, 12, 1634, 10.3390/atmos12121634 Grivas, 2020, Integrating in situ measurements and city scale modelling to assess the COVID–19 lockdown effects on emissions and air quality in Athens, Greece, Atmosphere, 11, 1174, 10.3390/atmos11111174 2020 Higashiyama, 2016, Field measurements of road surface temperature of several asphalt pavements with temperature rise reducing function, Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 4, 73 Hofko, 2018, FTIR spectral analysis of bituminous binders: reproducibility and impact of ageing temperature, Mater. Struct., 51, 10.1617/s11527-018-1170-7 Karl, 2019, The Eulerian urban dispersion model EPISODE – part 2, extensions to the source dispersion and photochemistry for EPISODE - CityChem v1.2 and its application to the city of Hamburg, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3357, 10.5194/gmd-12-3357-2019 Khare, 2020, Asphalt-related emissions are a major missing nontraditional source of secondary organic aerosol precursors, Sci. Adv., 6, eabb9785, 10.1126/sciadv.abb9785 Kim, 2018, Multi-scale modeling of urban air pollution: development and application of a street-in-grid model (v1.0) by coupling MUNICH (v1.0) and Polair3D (v1.8.1), Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 611, 10.5194/gmd-11-611-2018 Kim, 2021, Assessment of daytime HONO emission source from asphalt surface to urban air, Appl. Sci., 11, 1930, 10.3390/app11041930 Kuik, 2018, Top–down quantification of NOx emissions from traffic in an urban urea using a high-resolution regional atmospheric chemistry model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8203, 10.5194/acp-18-8203-2018 Lammel, 1996, Nitrous acid and nitrite in the atmosphere, Chem. Soc. Rev., 25, 361, 10.1039/cs9962500361 Lasne, 2018, Ozone uptake by clay dusts under environmental conditions, ACS Earth Space Chem., 2, 904, 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00057 Lasne, 2022, Photo-enhanced uptake of SO2 on Icelandic volcanic dusts, Environ. Sci.: Atmos., 2, 375 Lelieveld, 2020, Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective, Cardiovasc. Res., 116, 1910, 10.1093/cvr/cvaa025 Lesueur, 2009, The colloidal structure of bitumen: consequences on the rheology and on the mechanisms of bitumen modification, Adv. Colloid. Interfac., 145, 42, 10.1016/j.cis.2008.08.011 Li, 2019, Urban heat island: aerodynamics or imperviousness?, Sci. Adv., 5, eaau4299, 10.1126/sciadv.aau4299 Monge, 2010, Light changes the atmospheric reactivity of soot, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 6605, 10.1073/pnas.0908341107 Nilsson, 2018, Emissions into the air from bitumen and rubber bitumen—implications for asphalt workers’ exposure, Ann. Work Expo. Heal., 62, 828, 10.1093/annweh/wxy053 Oikonomakis, 2018, Low modeled ozone production suggests underestimation of precursor emissions (especially NOx) in Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2175, 10.5194/acp-18-2175-2018 Parison, 2020, Analysis of the heat budget of standard, cool and watered pavements under lab heat-wave conditions, Energ. Buildings, 228, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110455 Petersen, 2011, Asphalt oxidation mechanisms and the role of oxidation products on age hardening revisited, Road Mater. Pavement, 12, 795, 10.1080/14680629.2011.9713895 Preiss, 2006, Collection, validation and generation of bitumen fumes for inhalation studies in rats part 1: workplace samples and validation criteria, Ann. Occup. Hyg., 50, 789 Ramacher, 2021, The UrbEm hybrid method to derive high-resolution emissions for city-scale air quality modeling, Atmosphere, 12, 1404, 10.3390/atmos12111404 Reimann Romanias, 2020, Reactive uptake of NO2 on volcanic particles: a possible source of HONO in the atmosphere, J. Env. Sci., 95, 155, 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.042 Sillman, 1999, The relation between ozone, NOx and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments, Atmos. Environ., 33, 1821, 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00345-8 Solatifar, 2018, Prediction of depth temperature of asphalt layers in hot climate areas, J. Civ. Eng. Manag., 24, 516, 10.3846/jcem.2018.6162 Topaloglou, 2005, NO2 and HCHO photolysis frequencies from irradiance measurements in Thessaloniki, Greece, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1645, 10.5194/acp-5-1645-2005 Toraldo, 2015, Experimental investigation into the thermal behavior of wearing courses for road pavements due to environmental conditions, Constr. Build. Mater., 98, 846, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.047 United Nations, 2019 Villegas-Villegas, 2018, Analysis of asphalt oxidation by means of accelerated testing and environmental conditions, Transport Res. Rec., 2672, 244, 10.1177/0361198118777630 World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1989, 46 World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2013, Bitumen and bitumen emissions, and some S- and N-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 103